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Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Native dynasty of ancient Egypt before the first Persian invasion
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
664 BC–525 BC
Portrait of a Pharaoh of the Saite Dynasty
Portrait of a Pharaoh of the Saite Dynasty
CapitalSais
Common languagesEgyptian language
Religion
Ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Pharaoh 
• 664–610 BC
Psamtik I (first)
• 526–525 BC
Psamtik III (last)
History 
• Established
664 BC
• Disestablished
525 BC
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt

TheTwenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt (notatedDynasty XXVI, alternatively26th Dynasty orDynasty 26) was the last nativedynasty of ancient Egypt before thePersian conquest in 525 BC (although other brief periods of rule byEgyptians followed). The dynasty's reign (664–525 BC) is also called theSaite Period after the city ofSais, where itspharaohs had their capital, and marks the beginning of theLate Period of ancient Egypt.[1]

History

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This dynasty traced its origins to theTwenty-fourth Dynasty.Psamtik I was probably a descendant ofBakenranef. However, other sources describe him as ofLibyan descent.[2][3]

Following theNeo-Assyrian conquest of Egypt during the reigns ofTaharqa andTantamani, and the subsequent collapse of theNapata-basedTwenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, Psamtik I was recognized as sole king over all of Egypt. Psamtik formed alliances with KingGyges of Lydia, who sent him mercenaries fromCaria andancient Greece that Psamtik used to unify all of Egypt under his rule.

In 605 BCE, an Egyptian force underNecho II of Dynasty XXVI fought theNeo-Babylonian Empire at theBattle of Carchemish, helped by the remnants of the military of theNeo-Assyrian Empire, but this was met with defeat. Illustration published in 1915.

With thesack of Nineveh in 612 BC and theFall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, both Psamtik and his successors attempted to reassert Egyptian power in the Near East but were driven back by theNeo-Babylonian Empire underNebuchadnezzar II. With the help of Greek mercenaries, PharaohApries was able to hold back Babylonian attempts to conquer Egypt, although Apries was later deposed byAmasis II in 570 BC, who became the nextPharaoh of Egypt.

In Amasis' fourth year, around 568–567 BC, Egypt was invaded by the Babylonians, under the leadership ofNebuchadnezzar II.[4][5] This assault was recorded by a fragmentary Babylonian inscription, with the modern designation BM 33041; the inscription from that year records the word "Egypt" as well as possible traces of the name "Amasis". A stele of Amasis from the 4th year of his reign in 567 BC, also fragmentary, may also describe a combined naval and land attack by the Babylonians. Recent evidence suggests that the Babylonians were initially successful during the invasion and gained a foothold in Egypt, but they were repelled by Amasis' forces.[6][4][7][8] It is believed that this forced Nebuchadnezzar II to retire plans to conquer Egypt.[9] (However, some have suggested that Nebuchadnezzar came to defeat Apries, with the combined forces of Amasis and Nebuchadnezzar managing to kill him, securing Amasis' throne, though as vassal king.)[10][11]

The Persians would eventually invade Egypt in 525 BCE when EmperorCambyses II captured and later executedPsamtik III in theFirst Achaemenid conquest of Egypt, marking the end of the last native dynasty of Egypt. Cambyses founded the First Egyptian Satrapy, a territory of the Achaemenid Empire, and was crowned the first Pharaoh of theDynasty XXVII.

Archaeology

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In May 2020, an Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission headed by Esther Ponce revealed a unique cemetery, which consists of one room built with glazed limestone dating back to the 26th Dynasty (also known as the El-Sawi era) at the site of ancientOxyrhynchus. Archaeologists also uncovered bronze coins, clay seals, Roman tombstones and small crosses.[12][13][14] On October 3, 2020, Egypt unveiled 59 coffins of priests and clerks from the 26th dynasty, dating to nearly 2,500 years ago.[15]

Art

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Pharaohs of the 26th Dynasty

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For a more comprehensive list, seeList of pharaohs.
Psamtik I entersAshdod, in theFall of Ashdod in 635 BCE.

The 26th Dynasty may be related to the24th Dynasty.Manetho begins the dynasty with:

When the Nubian KingShabaka defeated Bakenranef, son ofTefnakht, he likely installed a Nubian commander as governor at Sais. This may be the man namedAmmeris. Stephinates may be a descendant of Bakenrenef. He is sometimes referred to asTefnakht II in the literature. Nechepsos has been identified with a local king namedNekauba (678–672 BC). Manetho's Necho is KingNecho I (672–664 BC); Manetho gives his reign as 8 years.[17] Necho was killed during a conflict with the Nubian kingTantamani. Psamtik I fled toNineveh – capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire – and returned to Egypt whenAshurbanipal defeated Tantamani and drove him back south.[1] Scholars now start the 26th Dynasty with the reign ofPsamtik I.[1][17]

Sextus Julius Africanus states in his often accurate version of Manetho'sEpitome that the dynasty numbered nine pharaohs, beginning with a "Stephinates" (Tefnakht II) and ending with Psamtik III. Africanus also notes thatPsamtik I andNecho I ruled for 54 and 8 years respectively.[full citation needed]

Dynasty XXVI Kings of Egypt
PharaohImagePrenomen (Throne name)Horus-nameReignBurialConsort(s)Comments
Psamtik I
Psammetichus I		WahibreAaib664–610 BCSaisMehytenweskhetReunified Egypt and ended theKushite control ofUpper Egypt. Manetho gives his reign as 54 years.
Necho II
WehemibreSiaib610–595 BCKhedebneithirbinet INecho II is the Pharaoh most likely mentioned in several books of theBible.
Psamtik II
Psammetichus II
Statue of Psamtitk II. Louvre Museum
Statue of Psamtitk II.Louvre Museum
NeferibreMenekhib595–589 BCTakhuit
Wahibre Haaibre
(Apries)
Haaibre589–570 BCWahibOverthrown and forced into exile by Amasis II. Returned to Egypt at the head of a Babylonian army, but was defeated and likely killed. Manetho gives his reign as 19 years.
Amasis II
Ahmose II		Khnem-ib-reSemenmaat570–526 BCSaisTentkheta
Nakhtubasterau		Herodotus claims that whenCambyses II invaded Egypt, realizing he was not able to exact revenge for Amasis's previous misdeeds and trickery, he exhumed his body, desecrated it and burned what remained of the mummy.
Psamtik III
Psammetichus III
Ankhkaenre(unknown)526–525 BCRuled for only 6 months, according to Herodotus, before a Persian invasion led byCambyses II conquered Egypt and captured Psamtik III. Committed suicide in Persian captivity.

Timeline of the 26th Dynasty

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See also

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Periods anddynasties ofancient Egypt
All years areBC and AD
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 BC
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 BC
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 BC
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181 BC
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 BC
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 BC
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 BC
EarlyEleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061 BC
LateEleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 BC
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 BC
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649 BC
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 BC
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535 BC
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 BC
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 BC
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549 BC
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 BC
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 BC
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077 BC
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 BC
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 BC
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 BC
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 BC
Twenty-fifth Dynasty
(Kushite)		 XXV 732–653 BC

References

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  1. ^abcAidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton.The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004
  2. ^Henry Bernard (1913).Ancient Greece. p. 143.
  3. ^Robert G. Morkot (7 June 2010).The A to Z of Ancient Egyptian Warfare. Scarecrow Press. p. 126.ISBN 978-1-4616-7170-1.
  4. ^abEphʿal, Israel (2003). "Nebuchadnezzar the Warrior: Remarks on his Military Achievements".Israel Exploration Journal.53 (2):187–188.JSTOR 27927044.
  5. ^Elayi, Josette (2018).The History of Phoenicia. Lockwood Press. p. 201.doi:10.2307/j.ctv11wjrh.ISBN 978-1937040819.JSTOR j.ctv11wjrh.S2CID 198105413.
  6. ^Kahn, Dan’el (2018)."Nebuchadnezzar and Egypt: An Update on the Egyptian Monuments".Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel.7 (1):65–78.doi:10.1628/hebai-2018-0005.S2CID 188600999.
  7. ^The Elephantine Stela of Amasis
  8. ^The Chronicles of the Babylonian Kings, Nbk 329.
  9. ^Lloyd, Alan B. (2004) [2002]. "The Late Period". InShaw, Ian (ed.).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Paperback ed.). Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 381–82.ISBN 0-19-280458-8.
  10. ^Josephus,Ant. 10.9.7, §182.
  11. ^Ladynin, Ivan A. (2006).The Elephantine Stela of Amasis: Some Problems and Prospects of Study
  12. ^Mahmoud, Rasha (2020-05-26)."Egypt makes major archaeological discovery amid coronavirus crisis".Al-Monitor. Retrieved2020-09-09.
  13. ^"Unique cemetery dating back to el-Sawi era discovered in Egypt amid coronavirus crisis".Zee News. 2020-05-28. Retrieved2020-09-09.
  14. ^"StackPath".dailynewsegypt.com. 18 May 2020. Retrieved2020-09-09.
  15. ^"Egypt unveils 59 ancient coffins in major archaeological discovery".Reuters. October 3, 2020. Retrieved3 October 2020.
  16. ^"Metropolitan Museum of Art".www.metmuseum.org.
  17. ^abKitchen, Kenneth A.The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C. (Book & Supplement) Aris & Phillips. 1986ISBN 978-0-85668-298-8

Bibliography

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