Nanyue 南越國 Nam Việt Quốc | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 204 BC–111 BC | |||||||||||||
 Location of Nanyue at its greatest extent | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Panyu | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Old Yue language | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Vietnamese folk religion Chinese folk religion localShamanism | ||||||||||||
| Demonym | Triệu dynasty | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Emperor (Hoàng đế) | |||||||||||||
• 204–137 BC (first) | Zhao Tuo (Triệu Vũ Đế) | ||||||||||||
• 112–111 BC (last) | Zhao Jiande (Triệu Dương Vương) | ||||||||||||
| Military dictators (de facto) | |||||||||||||
• 130/124-111 BC | Lü Jia (Lữ Gia) | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| 221 BC | |||||||||||||
• Established | 204 BC | ||||||||||||
• First tribute toHan dynasty | 196 BC | ||||||||||||
• Zhao Tuo accession | 183 BC | ||||||||||||
• Conquest ofÂu Lạc | 179 BC | ||||||||||||
• Second tribute toHan dynasty | 179 BC | ||||||||||||
| 111 BC | |||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 111 BC | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 111 BC estimate | 1,302,805 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | Vietnam China | ||||||||||||
| Triệu | |
|---|---|
| Country | Kingdom ofNam Việt |
| Founded | 3rd century BC |
| Founder | Triệu Đà |
| Final ruler | Triệu Kiến Đức |
| Titles | |
| Estate | Panyu (Phiên Ngung) |
| Deposition | 111 BC |
| Part ofa series on the |
| History of China |
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TheTriệu dynasty orZhao dynasty (Chinese:趙朝;lit. 'Zhao dynasty';Vietnamese:Nhà Triệu; 茹趙) ruled the kingdom ofNanyue, which consisted of parts of southernChina as well as northernVietnam. Its capital wasPanyu, in modernGuangzhou. The founder of the dynasty,Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà), was a Chinese general[1][2] fromHebei and originally served as a military governor under theQin dynasty.[3] He asserted the state's independence in 207 BC as the Qin dynasty was collapsing.[4] The ruling elite included both nativeYue and immigrantHan peoples.[5] Zhao Tuo conquered the Vietnamese state ofÂu Lạc and led a coalition of Yuè states in awar against theHan dynasty, which had beenexpanding southward. Subsequent rulers were less successful in asserting their independence and the Han dynasty finally conquered the kingdom in 111 BC.[6]
The scholar Huang Zuo produced the first detailed published history of Nanyue in the fifteenth century.[7] Chinese historians have generally denounced Nanyue as separatists from theHan dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), but have also praised them as a civilizing force. A particularly strident denunciation was produced by poet Qu Dajun in 1696.[8] Qu praisedQin Shi Huang as a model of how to uphold the purity of Chinese culture, and compared Zhao Tuo unfavorably to the emperor.[8] A more positive view of Nanyue multiculturalism was presented byLiang Tingnan inNányuè Wŭ Zhǔ Zhuàn (南越五主傳; "Biographies of the Five Lords of Nanyue") in 1833.[7] Cantonese refer to themselves asYuht, the Cantonese pronunciation of Yuè/Việt.[9] In modern times, the character粵 (yuè) refers to Cantonese while越 (yuè) refers to Vietnamese. But historically, these two characters were interchangeable.[10]
Meanwhile, Vietnamese historians have struggled with the issue of whether to regard the Triệu dynasty heroically as founders of Vietnam, or to denounce them as foreign invaders. For centuries afterward, Zhao Tuo was a folk hero among the Viets, and was remembered for standing up to the Han Empire.[11] AfterLý Bí drove the Chinese out of northern Vietnam, he proclaimed himself "Emperor of Nam Việt" (Nam Việt đế; 南越帝) in 544, thus identifying his state as a revival of the Nanyue, despite obvious differences in terms of location and ethnic makeup.[12] In the thirteenth century,Lê Văn Hưu wrote a history of Vietnam that used the Triệu dynasty as its starting point, with Zhao Tuo receiving glowing praise as Vietnam's first emperor.[7] In the 18th century, Ngô Thì Sĩ reevaluated Zhao Tuo as a foreign invader.[7] Under theNguyễn dynasty, Zhao Tuo continued to receive high praise, although it was acknowledged that the original Nanyue was not in fact a Vietnamese state.[7] The current government of Vietnam portrays Zhao Tuo negatively as a foreign invader who vanquished Vietnam's heroic KingAn Dương despite there being a campaign to reconsider the role of Zhao Tuo due to rising tensions between Vietnam and China.[7] Modern Vietnamese are descended from the ancient Yue of northern Vietnam and western Guangdong, according toPeter Bellwood.[13]
Zhao Tuo (r. 204–136 BC), also called Triệu Đà, the founder of the dynasty, was an ethnic Chinese born in theState of Zhao, nowHebei province. He became military governor of Nanhai (nowGuangdong) upon the death of Governor Ren Xiao in 208 BC, just as theQin dynasty was collapsing. The Qin governor of Canton advised Zhao to found his own independent kingdom since the area was remote and there were many Chinese settlers in the area.[14] He asserted Nanhai's independence declared himself the king of Nam Việt in 204 BC, established in the area ofLingnan, the modern provinces of comprises Guangdong,Guangxi, southHunan, southJiangxi and other nearby areas.[15] He ruled Nanyue and committed acts of defiance againstEmperor Gaozu of Han and he severed all ties with theHan dynasty, killed many Han employees appointed by the central government and favored local customs of the Yue people.[15] Being a talented general and cunning diplomat, he sought a peaceful relationship with both the Qin dynasty and the succeeding Han dynasty.
In 196 BC, the Emperor Gaozu of Han sent the scholarLu Jia to the court of Zhao Tuo.[16] On this occasion, Zhao Tuo squatted and wore his hair in a bun, in the Yuè manner.[16]"You are a Chinese and your forefathers and kin lie buried in Zhending in the land of Zhao", Lu told the king.[17] "Yet now you turn against that nature which heaven has given you at birth, cast aside the dress of your native land and, with this tiny, far-off land of Yue, think to set yourself up as a rival to theSon of Heaven and an enemy state....It is proper under such circumstances that you should advance as far as the suburbs to greet me and bow to the north and refer to yourself as a 'subject'."[17] After Lu threatened a Han military attack on Nanyue, Zhao Tuo stood up and apologized.[17] Lu stayed at Panyu for several months and Zhao Tuo delighted in his company.[18] "There is no one in all Yue worth talking to", said the king, "Now that you have come, everyday I hear something I have never heard before!"[18] Lu recognized Zhao Tuo as "King of Yue".[18] An agreement was reached that allowed legal trade between the Han dynasty and Nanyue, as the people of Nanyue were anxious to purchase iron vessels from the Han dynasty.[19] When Lu returned toChang'an, the Emperor Gaozu of Han was much pleased by this result.[18]
Lü Zhi, the Han empress dowager, banned trade with Nanyue in 185 BC.[19] "Emperor Gaozu set me up as a feudal lord and sent his envoy giving me permission to carry on trade," said Zhao Tuo.[19] "But now Empress Lü...[is] treating me like one of the barbarians and breaking off our trade in iron vessels and goods."[19] Zhao Tuo responded by declaring himself an emperor and by attacking some border towns.[19] His imperial status was recognized by theMinyue, Western Ou (Âu Việt), and theLuolou.[20] The army sent against Nanyue by Empress Lü was ravaged by a cholera epidemic.[16] When Zhao Tuo was reconciled with the Han Empire in 180 BC, he sent a message to theEmperor Wen of Han in which he described himself as, "Your aged subject Tuo, a barbarian chief".[20] Zhao Tuo agreed to recognize the Han ruler as the only emperor.[20]
Peace meant that Nanyue lost its imperial authority over the other Yue states. Its earlier empire had not been based on supremacy, but was instead a framework for a wartime military alliance opposed to the Han.[16] The army Zhao Tuo had created to oppose the Han was now available to deploy against theÂu Lạc kingdom in modern-day northern Vietnam.[16] This kingdom was conquered in 179–180 BC.[16] Zhao Tuo divided his kingdom into two regions: Cửu Chân andGiao Chỉ. Giao Chỉ now encompasses most of northern Vietnam. He allowed each region to have representatives to the central government, thus his administration was quite relaxed and had a feeling of being decentralized. However, he remained in control. By the time Zhao Tuo died in 136 BC, he had ruled for more than 70 years and outlived his sons.
In modern Vietnam, Zhao Tuo is best remembered as a character in the "Legend of the Magic Crossbow". According to this legend, Zhao Tuo's son Trong Thủy married Mỵ Châu, the daughter of King An Dương of Âu Lạc, and used her love to steal the secret of An Dương's magic crossbow.[22]
Zhao Tuo died in 136 BC and was succeeded by his grandson Zhao Mo (Chinese:趙眜;pinyin:Zhào Mò;Vietnamese:Triệu Mạt). He was 71 years old at the time of ascending to the throne. In 135 BC, theMinyue attacked and Zhao Mo requested the assistance of the Han Empire.[23] TheEmperor Wu of Han offered to "help" by sending his army, ostensibly to suppress the assist Nanyue, but with an eye of seizing the country should an occasion arise. Crown PrinceZhao Yingqi was sent to live and study in the Han court.[23] Zhao Mo took this as a gesture of goodwill by the Emperor Wu of Han, whom he viewed as a brother,[citation needed] to strengthen the relationship between Han and Nanyue. Zhao Mo died in 124 BC.His mausoleum was found inGuangzhou in 1983.[citation needed]
Zhao Yingqi (Chinese:趙嬰齊;pinyin:Zhào Yīngqí,Vietnamese:Triệu Anh Tề, r. 124–112 BC) was the crown prince when his father, Zhao Mo, died. Zhao Yingqi's appointment to kingship was a conciliatory measure to the Han emperor inChang'an as a sign of respect. This crowned prince, Zhao Yingqi, lived most of his life in the Han dynasty[citation needed] where he had fathered a son byan ethnic Chinese woman surnamed Jiu (Chinese:樛;pinyin:Jiū); In one popular theory, she was Emperor Wu's[which?] own daughter.[citation needed] He named the sonZhao Xing. Only when his father, Zhao Mo, died did Zhao Yingqi receive permission to go home for his father's funeral. This happened in 124 BC. Zhao Yingqi then ascended the throne of Nanyue. Not much is known about Zhao Yingqi's reign, probably because it is a short one and he was subservient to the Han emperor. His son, Zhao Xing, was only about 6 years old when he died. Owing to Zhao Xing's extreme youth, his mother Lady Jiu, became the Empress Dowager.
Zhao Yingqi's death precipitated the events that would lead to the seizure and domination of Nanyue by the Han forces.[citation needed]
Zhao Xing (r. 113–112 BC), also called Triệu Hưng, was just 6 years old when he ascended the throne. Soon thereafter, Emperor Wu of Han summoned him and his mother, Lady Jiu, to an audience to pay homage in the Han court. The Han dynasty held Lady Jiu and Zhao Xing under the pretext that the young king needed their protection. By acquiescing to this gesture, both the empress dowager and the young emperor gave the public the impression that they were just puppets in the hands of the Han court.
With Zhao Xing in their hands and the queen dowager beheaded, the Han dynasty prepared their army for an invasion. In 112 BC, the emperor sent two of his commanders,Lu Bode andYang Pu [zh], along with 5,000 of his best soldiers to invade Nanyue.[citation needed]
Nanyue's seniorprime minister, Quan Thai-pho,Lü Jia sent out the army to meet the Han at the border to repel the invasion. The army was strong, but smaller in number. Meanwhile, inside the country, the word has spread that Zhao Xing was in the hand of the Han dynasty. The Nanyue feared that if they resist, their king would be harmed by the Han dynasty.[citation needed] The country was now in a state of chaos. When the Han kept sending more and more reinforcements for his army at the border, the Nanyue's army was unable to hold their position. Lü Jia saw that Nanyue must have a new king in order to calm its people and to stir up Nanyue patriotism to fight. Zhao Jiande (also called Triệu Kiến Đức), Zhao Yingqi's eldest son from one of hisconcubines, took the burden of leading his people to war.
Emperor Wu of Han dispatched soldiers against Nanyue.[24] With its king being too young and inexperienced and leading an untrained, however brave army, Nanyue was only able to keep their stronghold for a while. Han crushed the Nanyue army along withLü Jia and his King (Zhao Jiande), both resisted until the end. Based on many temples of Lü Jia, his wives and soldiers scattering inRed River Delta of modern-day northern Vietnam, the war might last until 98 BC.[25][26]
After the fall ofPanyu,Tây Vu Vương (the captain of Tây Vu area of which the center isCổ Loa) revolted against theFirst Chinese domination fromWestern Han dynasty.[27] He was killed by his assistant Hoàng Đồng (黄同).[28][29]
Afterwards, Nanyue territory was divided into nine districts and incorporated into the Han dynasty as the prefecture ofJiaozhi (Giao Chỉ).[citation needed] Han dynasty would dominate Jiaozhi until the revolt of theTrưng Sisters, who led a revolt in AD 40.[30]
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| Posthumous name | Given name | Reign | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Pinyin | Vietnamese | Chinese | Pinyin | Vietnamese | |
| 武帝 | Wǔ Dì | Vũ Đế | 趙佗 | Zhào Tuó | Triệu Đà | 203–137 BC |
| 文帝 | Wén Dì | Văn Đế | 趙眜 | Zhào Mò | Triệu Mạt | 137–122 BC |
| 明王 | Míng Wáng | Minh Vương | 趙嬰齊 | Zhào Yīngqí | Triệu Anh Tề | 122–115 BC |
| 哀王 | Āi Wáng | Ai Vương | 趙興 | Zhào Xīng | Triệu Hưng | 115–112 BC |
| 術陽王 | Shù Yáng Wáng | Thuật Dương Vương | 趙建德 | Zhào Jiàndé | Triệu Kiến Đức | 112–111 BC |
There was a fusion of the Han and Yue cultures in significant ways, as shown by the artifacts unearthed by archaeologists from the tomb of Nanyue in Guangzhou. The Nanyue tomb in Guangzhou is extremely rich. There are quite a number of bronzes that show cultural influences from the Han, Chu, Yue and Ordos regions.[31]
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{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)Theo nhiều thư tịch cổ và các công trình nghiên cứu, sưu tầm của nhiều nhà khoa học nổi tiếng trong nước, cùng với sự truyền lại của nhân dân từ đời này sang đời khác, của các cụ cao tuổi ở Bạch Lưu, Hải Lựu và các xã lân cận thì vào cuối thế kỷ thứ II trước công nguyên, nhà Hán tấn công nước Nam Việt của Triệu Đề, triều đình nhà Triệu tan rã lúc bấy giờ thừa tướng Lữ Gia, một tướng tài của triều đình đã rút khỏi kinh đô Phiên Ngung (thuộc Quảng Đông – Trung Quốc ngày nay). Về đóng ở núi Long Động – Lập Thạch, chống lại quân Hán do Lộ Bác Đức chỉ huy hơn 10 năm (từ 111- 98 TCN), suốt thời gian đó Ông cùng các thổ hào và nhân dân đánh theo quân nhà Hán thất điên bát đảo."
| Preceded by | Dynasty of Vietnam 204–111 BC | Succeeded by |
23°08′25″N113°15′22″E / 23.1404°N 113.2560°E /23.1404; 113.2560