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TheTreaty of Cusseta was atreaty between the government of theUnited States and theCreek Nation signed March 24, 1832 (7 Stat. 366). The treaty ceded all Creek claims east of theMississippi River to the United States.
The Treaty of Cusseta, also known as the Third Treaty of Washington,[1][2] was one of several with the "Five Civilized Tribes." Between 1814 and 1830, the Creek had gradually ceded lands under pressure from European-American settlers and the US government through treaties such as theTreaty of Fort Jackson and theTreaty of Washington (1826). Creek territory was constrained to a strip in east centralAlabama along theGeorgia border. PresidentAndrew Jackson had signed theIndian Removal Act in 1830, which ultimately led to thedeportation of native peoples in theSoutheastern United States to theIndian Territory west of the Mississippi River.
Although treaty stipulations had prohibited white settlement of Creek lands, squatters moving into the territory were common and caused significant friction with the Creek. The settlers encroached on their land and competed for game, destroying hunting territory by clearing land and developing farms. Tensions eventually resulted in a party of Creek warriors attacking and burning the town ofRoanoke, Georgia.
In response, federal officials met with Creek leaders in the Creek village ofCusseta (Kasihta) on theChattahoochee River in Georgia. (Lawson Army Airfield inFort Moore is sited on the former location of Cusseta.) The Creeks were compelled to agree to federal terms as outlined in the Treaty of Cusseta. The treaty was later signed inWashington, D.C.
The Treaty of Cusseta required that the Creek nation relinquish all claims to land east of theMississippi River, including the territory inAlabama. In return, individual Creeks were to be granted land claims in the former Creek territory. Each of the ninety Creek chiefs was to receive one section (1 mi2, 2.6 km2) of land and each Creek family was to receive one half-section (0.5 mi2, 1.3 km2) of land of their choosing. Despite the land grants, the treaty made clear the intention of the US government to remove as many Creeks as possible to the west in the least amount of time. The United States agreed to pay expenses for Creek emigrants for the first year after relocation. The treaty also called for the US to make payments to the Creek nation of approximately $350,000 and provide 20 square miles (51 km2) of land to be sold to support Creek orphans.
Once the treaty went into effect, many of the new Creek landowners were quickly taken advantage of by settlers who often purchased the treaty-promised land for a pittance. Those Creeks who managed to keep legal title to their lands were soon overwhelmed by squatters, whom state and federal officials generally refused to evict. When individual Creek attempted to enforce their property rights against squatters, they were often retaliated against by the localmilitia. By 1835, the situation became intractable and open conflict broke out between Creeks and settlers. The US government responded to violations of the treaty by deporting most of the remaining Creek to theIndian Territory.
