The Netherlands is both avery densely populated and a highlydeveloped country in whichtransport is a keyfactor of the economy. Correspondingly it has a very dense and moderninfrastructure, facilitating transport with road, rail, air and water networks. In itsGlobal Competitiveness Report for 2014-2015, theWorld Economic Forum ranked the Dutch transport infrastructure fourth in the world.[1]
With a total road network of 139,000 km, including 3,530 km of expressways,[2] the Netherlands has one of the densestroad networks in the world; much denser thanGermany andFrance, though not as dense asBelgium.[3] The Dutch also have a well developedrailway network, that connects most towns and cities, as well as a comprehensive dedicatedcycling infrastructure, featuring some 35,000 km of track physically segregated from motorised traffic.[4]
Theport of Rotterdam is the world's largest seaport outside East Asia, and the largest port of Europe.[nb 1][5] It connects with itshinterland in Germany,Switzerland and France through the riversRhine andMeuse. Two thirds of all inland water freight shipping within theEU, and 40% of containers, pass through the Netherlands.[6] Additionally, theport of Amsterdam is Europe's fifth busiest seaport, accordingto Eurostat.[7]
Mobility in the Netherlands is considerable. On the roads it has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year,[8] three quarters of which are done by car.[9] Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, 25% by bicycle, 20% walking, and 5% by public transport.[9] Additionally, Dutch airports handled at least 70 million passengers in 2016.[10] Excluding air travel, the Dutch journey more than 30 km a day on average, which takes them just over an hour.[11]
In 2010, 1.65 billion tons of goods traffic was registered, half of which moved by sea and inland shipping, and 40% by road transport. The remainder was mostly by pipelines; rail transport only handles 2% of freight movements through the Netherlands.[12]
With 139,000 km of public roads,[2] the Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world - much denser thanGermany andFrance, but still not as dense asBelgium.[3][nb 2] In 2013, 5,191 km were national roads, 7,778 km were provincial roads, and 125,230 km were municipality and other roads.[14]
Dutch roads include 3,530 km ofmotorways andexpressways,[2] and with a motorway density of 64 kilometres per 1,000 km², the country also has one of the densest motorway networks in the world.[13] The Netherlands' main highway network (hoofdwegennet) - comparable to Britain's network oftrunk roads - consists of most of its 5,200 km of national roads, supplemented with the most prominent provincial roads. Although only about 2,500 km are fully constructed tomotorway standards,[15] much of the remainder are alsoexpressways for fast motor vehicles only.
Mobility onDutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year,[8] three quarters of which are done by car,[9] meaning that while Dutch roads are numerous, they are also used more intensely than in almost any other country.[13] Car ownership in the Netherlands is high but not exceptional, and slightly lower than in surrounding countries.[16] Goods vehicles account for 20% of total traffic.[13]
The busiest Dutch motorway is theA13 betweenThe Hague andRotterdam, with a traffic volume of 140,000 motor vehicles per day.[17] The widest Dutch motorway is the A15/A16 just south of Rotterdam with 16 lanes in a 4+4+4+4 setup.
Traffic congestion is common in the Netherlands. The high population density generates significant traffic volumes on both motorways and regular highways. Most congestion occurs in theRandstad, but congestion is a daily structural problem around many larger cities. The Netherlands tries to counter this with an advanced motorway network, withVariable Message Signs and electronic signalization across most of the network. The number of passing motor vehicles is counted every minute of the day at some 20,000 measuring stations on the Dutch motorway network.[17] A special feature of the motorways is the use ofPorous Asphalt Concrete, which reduces noise levels, and allows rain water to be drained efficiently, for safety and expedient traffic flow under precipitation.
Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands. 27% of all trips are by bicycle[18] - the highestmodal share of any country in the world.[19] Moreover: 36% of the Dutch list the bike as their most frequent mode of transport on a typical day.[20][nb 3] Some 85% of the people own at least one bicycle. All in all the Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million functioning bikes,[23][24] which makes more than one per capita, and much more than the 11.3 million motor vehicles registered on the road.[25] Almost as many passenger kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train.[9]
Cycling infrastructure is comprehensive, and public policy,urban planning & laws are bike-friendly. Most roads except for motorways support cyclists, and bikeways are clearly signposted, well maintained and well lit.Dedicated cycle tracks are common on busy roads - some 35,000 km of track has been physically segregated from motor traffic,[4] equal to a quarter of the country's entire road network. Busy junctions often give priority to cyclists, or they are equipped with cycle-specific traffic lights.
There are large bicycle parking facilities, particularly in city centres and at train stations. Since the start of the 21st century, parking spaces for 450,000 bicycles were built and modernized at over 400 train stations, and Dutch railways organizationsProRail andNS are calling for an expansion by another 250,000 by 2027.[26] Already half of all Dutch train travelers cycle to the railway station, amounting to half a million cyclists daily.[26]
In 2013, theEuropean Cyclists' Federation ranked the Netherlands, together withDenmark as the most bike-friendly country in Europe.[27]
Most distance travelled on Dutchpublic transport goes by rail.[9]Like many other European countries, the Netherlands has a dense railway network, totalling between 7,021 kilometres (4,363 mi) and 7,300 kilometres (4,500 mi) of track,[28][29] or 3,013route km, three quarters of which has beenelectrified.[30] The network is mostly focused on passenger transport[31] and connects almost all major towns and cities, counting just over 400train stations,[28] more than there aremunicipalities in the Netherlands. The national railinfrastructure is managed bypublic task companyProRail, and a number of different operators haveconcessions to run their trains. ProRail also coordinates the totality of scheduling and proper meshing of theDutch railway services.[29]
Public passengerrail transport is operated mainly byNederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) (Dutch Railways); minor parts byArriva,Keolis Nederland,Connexxion,Breng,DB Regio,NMBS,Veolia[32] andDB Regionalbahn Westfalen. During week days all railway stations are serviced at least twice an hour in each direction.[nb 4] Large parts of the network are serviced by two to four trains per hour on average. Heavily used routes can be serviced by 8 to 16 trains an hour.[29]
In recent years, the four largest railway stations in the Netherlands, thecentral stations of each of the largest cities:Amsterdam,Rotterdam,The Hague andUtrecht, have all entered into major reconstruction and expansion. Rotterdam Central station was completely rebuilt, and was the first to complete, reopening in March 2014.The Hague Central station and Utrecht Central station were reopened, after extensive reconstructions, in February and December 2016, respectively.[33][34]Amsterdam Central station has been undergoing a string of reconstruction works that started in 1997, and is yet to complete.
In 2015 a consultancy comparison of Europe's railway systems found the Dutch network the most cost effective for its performance, together with Finland's.[35] Per kilometre of track, the Dutch rail network is the busiest in the European Union,[31] handling over a million passengers a day.[36] For 2019 some 2.2 million train journeys are scheduled to travel a record number of 165 milliontrain kilometres (103 million train miles) — a growth of 28%, up from 124 million km in 2004. Until 2030 ProRail projects a further growth ofpassenger kilometres by another 45 percent. For 2019, also 8 percent more freight trains are scheduled than in 2018.[29]
On the initiative of two European parties:RailNetEurope andForum Train Europe, a project called "Redesign of the International Timetabling Process (TTR)" should help to harmonise planning freight- and passenger trains across Europe, to optimize usage of existing rail tracks. Currently, almost all freight trains (96%) deviate from their original schedule, due to the dynamic nature of cargo transport. The new TTR must facilitate ProRail to let unscheduled freight trains run more easily, without requiring complex shifting in the regular passenger train timetables.[29] As of 2020, timetables will be detailed to tenths of minutes (six second units), instead of whole minutes, to further optimise planning.[29]
In the long term, significant capacity gains could only be achieved by adding more rail tracks,or transforming large portions of the Dutch railway system to run more like a metro / subway system, which could support up to 24 to 30 trains per hour on the busiest lines. This would however require a structural disentanglement of the current situation, in which trains, train drivers and conductors all have their own work schedules, following the Japanese model.[37] However, at the moment there are no real plans for such steps.[29]
For longer distances the mainpublic transport in the Netherlands is the train. Long-distance buses are limited to a few missing railway connections. Regional and rural public transport, serving small(er) towns is by bus. Local and urban public transport is also generally by bus, but the three largest cities (Amsterdam,Rotterdam andThe Hague) all have extensivetram systems, that in each case also connect with adjacent cities in their respectiveurban agglomerations.[nb 5]
In addition, Amsterdam and Rotterdam also have severalmetro lines.Amsterdam's subway was expanded by a new"North-South" line in July 2018, after 15 years of construction, costing €3.1 billion.
Additionally, Rotterdam, The Hague and suburbs in between are connected by alight rail system calledRandstadRail, and one line of the Rotterdam metro system connects all the way toThe Hague Central station.Utrecht has itsown light rail system, calledfast tram, connecting the city with adjacentNieuwegein andIJsselstein.Arnhem is the only Dutch city that still operates atrolleybus system.
Due to the large number of waterways in the Netherlands, not every road connection has been bridged, and there are still some ferries in operation. In the Rotterdam and-Drecht towns region, awater bus public transport service operates as well.[38]
Public transport operators are both the public transport companies run by the local government of the cities:GVB (Amsterdam),RET (Rotterdam) andHTM (The Hague), as well as private enterprise companies likeArriva,Connexxion,Qbuzz andKeolis Nederland.
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Air travel in the Netherlands peaked at a Dutch record number of over 81 million passengers in 2019.[39]
Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, located 9 km (5.6 mi) southwest of Amsterdam, is the maininternational airport in the Netherlands, and thethird busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. Offering direct flights to 326 destination airports around the planet, Schiphol is the world's second best connected airport. The airport handled 63.6 million passengers in 2016, a growth of 9.1% over 2015, peaking at 71.7 million passengers in 2019.[10][39] Airfreight tonnage increased by 1.8% to 1.7 million metric tons.[10]
Opened in 1916 as a military airbase, Schiphol saw 479,000 flights in 2016, and practically hit its environmentally mandated maximum of 500,000 yearly flight operations the year prior, recording 499,000take-offs and landings in 2018.[39] This makes Schiphol one of the world's busiest airports,on average handling 57 starts and landings per hour on one of its six runways, and thus frequently exceeding levels of over one aircraft movement per minute.
Schiphol is the primary hub for Dutchflag carrier airlineKLM and its regional affiliateKLM Cityhopper, as well as for other Dutch airlinesCorendon Dutch Airlines,Martinair,Transavia andTUI Airlines Netherlands.[nb 6] The airport also serves as a European hub forDelta Air Lines,[41] and as a base forEasyJet andVueling airlines.
In other regions there are much smaller international airports, the most prominent beingEindhoven Airport,Rotterdam The Hague Airport,Maastricht Aachen Airport andGroningen Airport. The airports of Eindhoven and Rotterdam/The Hague are both part of theSchiphol Group, and both experienced growth in 2016. Eindhoven Airport grew by 9.3% to 4.7 million passengers, whereas Rotterdam/The Hague Airport's growth was a modest 0.2%, reaching 1.6 million travellers in 2016.[10] At the Maastricht Aachen, and Groningen airports, a considerable share of flights is seasonal in nature. For transport within the country, air travel is hardly used.
The airports of the Netherlands handled 71 million air passengers in 2023.[42] In the previous years Dutch airports handled 61 million air passengers in 2022,[43] 29 million in 2021,[44] and 23.6 million in 2020.[45]
In 2015 Dutch airports handled passengers at a ratio of 47 million on European flights versus 18 million on intercontinental flights,[46] and in 2013 a slightly less 1.6 million metric tons of airfreight.[47]
The Netherlands has thirteenseaports,[48] three of which have international significance. Handling 440 million metric tons of cargo in 2013, theport of Rotterdam is the biggestport of Europe – as big as the next three biggest combined, and the eighth largest in the world.[5] TheAmsterdam seaport is the second in the country, and the fifth largest in Europe.[5] Additionally, since 1998 the ports ofVlissingen andTerneuzen are working as one, under the name ofZeeland Seaports.[49] Handling 34 million metric tons of cargo in 2012, this is now the third biggest Dutch seaport. For comparison: the nearbyport of London handled 44 million tons in that year.[5]
Through the riversRhine andMeuse,Rotterdam has excellent access to itshinterland upstream, reaching toGermany,France andSwitzerland. The port's main activities arepetrochemical industries and general cargo handling andtransshipment. The harbour functions as an important transit point forbulk materials and between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. In 2007, theBetuweroute, a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed.
Three Dutch ports aredeepwater ports, that can handle fully ladenPanamax ships:Rotterdam, Zeeland Seaports and the port ofIJmuiden. Besides Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Zeeland, the ports ofMoerdijk andVlaardingen also supportcontainer liner shipping.[50] Other notable port cities areDordrecht,Haarlem andDen Helder, as well asGroningen, which controls the seaports ofDelfzijl andEemshaven. Den Helder is home to the Netherlands' mainnaval base.
note: many Dutch-owned ships are also operating under theship registry ofNetherlands Antilles (1998 est.)
6,237 km of rivers and canals are navigable for ships of 50 tons.[52][53] Some 3,740 km of this consists of canals.[48] At least 4,326 km of waterways are usable by craft up to 400 metric ton capacity, and over 3,000 km are usable by ships up to 1,250 metric ton capacity.[53] Although another source states that all of 6,230 km is navigable for craft up to 400 tons, and over 4,000 km is usable by ships up to 1,500 metric ton capacity.[54]
The Dutchinland shipping fleet is the biggest in Europe.[6] Consisting of some 7,000 vessels, it takes a share of 35% of the national total annualfreight transport, and as much as 80% ofbulk transport.[55] Also two thirds of all inland water freight transports within theEU, and 40% of the EU's inland container shipping, pass through the Netherlands.[6] All in all the Netherlands has so many waterways that virtually all major industrial areas and population centres can be reached by water viainland ports (200) andtranshipment terminals (350).[54]
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The distribution network fornatural gas is the most dense in Europe and of very high quality, with a total length of 12,200 kilometres of transmission pipelines and 136,400 kilometres of distribution pipelines.[56] A technical investigation has concluded that the existing Dutch high-pressure gas infrastructure could feasibly be converted for transport of hydrogen in the future.[57]
The Netherlands has a well-developed pipeline network essential for transportingnatural gas, oil, chemicals, and CO2.[58] Natural gas transmission network is managed by Gasunie Transport Services (GTS), it connects gas producers, storage facilities, and major consumers across the country.[59] The network is divided into two main systems, catering to different types of gas. The low-calorific gas system primarily supplies households, while the high-calorific gas system serves industries and power plants.
Oil pipelines transport crude oil from the Port of Rotterdam to refineries in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany.[60] Pernis Chemical Complex is interconnected by pipelines transporting various chemical feedstocks and products between different industrial facilities.[61] In addition, Organic CO2 for Assimilation by Plants (OCAP) is a notable CO2 transport system that supplies purified CO2 from industrial sources to greenhouses in the Westland area for enhancing plant growth.[62]
Transport in the Netherlands falls under theMinistry of Infrastructure and Water Management. With regard to public transport, not involving national rail, a total of 14 public bodies have been delegated the authority to grant concessions to public transport operators, namely the twelve provinces, plus the two transport-regions specifically for Amsterdam and Rotterdam / The Hague. These 14 parties are united in a cooperation called "DOVA" (Decentrale Openbaar Vervoer Autoriteiten), or "Decentralised Public Transport Authorities".[63] The provinces in turn sometimes delegate this authority to their municipalities.
Roads are controlled by authorities at all four administrative levels in the Netherlands. About 5,200 km of national roads (Rijkswegen) are controlled by central national government agencyRijkswaterstaat, and the country's twelveprovinces manage about 7,800 km of provincial roads.[64][65] Most motorways are national roads, and the remaining national roads are mostly expressways. Only a few motorways are provincial ones, and they are much shorter and serve mostly regional traffic.[66] Frequently, they were previously national roads.
Municipal roads make up the bulk of the network, totalling some 120,000 km.[65] They are mostly local roads. Aside from the division in provinces, the Netherlands is also divided in 21water management boards. Together with miscellaneous authorities, they own and control another 7,500 km of roads.[65] For some roads, it is because they are a physical element of water barriers, likedikes anddams while others provide primary access to critical water control structures and may not be open to the public.
Althoughtransport economics is much more than just the economy of the transport sector itself, the latter is much easier to quantify. In 2012 the Dutch goods transport and storage sectors by themselves accounted for almost 400,000 full-time jobs, employing some 500,000 people. Gross revenues totalled 77 billion euro, leading to results of 4.3 billion euro.[67]
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)The A13 in the province of Zuid-Holland is the busiest motorway in the Netherlands.