This article is about the airline that operated from 1946 to 1986 that was known as Trans International Airlines between 1960 and 1979. For the related but distinct airline of the same name that operated from 1985 to 1989, seeTrans International Airlines (1985–1989).
Trans International Airlines (TIA), laterTransamerica Airlines, was a United States airline. Regulated as asupplemental air carrier, it offered a hybrid of chartered and scheduled service. TIA was founded asLos Angeles Air Service (LAAS) in the 1940s and flew scheduled service to Hawaii as late as 1961.
BusinessmanKirk Kerkorian owned the airline from 1948 to 1962 and again from 1964 to 1968, when he sold it to insurance companyTransamerica Corporation. TIA was the largest supplemental carrier after buyingSaturn Airways in 1976, although still modest in size relative to US scheduled carriers. After theAirline Deregulation Act of 1979, the airline changed its name to Transamerica and added limited scheduled service. In 1986 Transamerica Corporation, reversing earlier diversification, tried selling the airline, but liquidated it instead.
In 1984, while Transamerica Airlines was seeking wage cuts, Transamerica Corporation started a secondTrans International Airlines, as a non-union subsidiary. Transamerica Corporation set a legal precedent for being allowed to own separate union and non-union airline subsidiaries.
Kirk Kerkorian was a pilot in World War II, engaged in pilot instruction and aircraft delivery across the Atlantic, including a record-setting nonstop flight of adeHavilland Mosquito from Canada to the UK.
In January 1946, Kerkorian and his sister formed a partnership to trade aircraft.[8] This activity attracted significant attention when, in October 1946, while Kerkorian was flying a war-surplusDouglas DC-3 from Hawaii to the mainland, the ferry tank system malfunctioned and the engines quit. His crew issued a distress call before it was able to restore power, leading to news stories.[9]
Los Angeles Air Service (LAAS) was a separate nonscheduled airline, later known as an irregular air carrier orsupplemental air carrier. LAAS was in operation with aC-47 as early as January 1946.[10] In 1946, LAAS's presence was noted atLaGuardia in March,[11]Chicago in April[12] and LAAS advertised a charter flight toAlaska fromSeattle in May.[13] In 1947, LAAS started scheduled DC-3 service fromLos Angeles Municipal Airport toBig Bear, at which time its owners/operators were James Porter and Lee Taylor.[14]
Kerkorian's partnership bought LAAS in June 1948, which on 13 August 1948 was issued a Letter of Registration by the CAB as anirregular air carrier (what the CAB then issued to such airlines in lieu of a certificate).[8] Kerkorian incorporated Los Angeles Air Service, Inc., in California on 20 December 1948, a separate[15] entity from the original LAAS. However, it was only on 5 April 1951 that the Letter of Registration was transferred from the LAAS partnership to the LAAS corporation, thereby making the corporate entity the airline.[16]
Under Kerkorian, LAAS operated intermittently; it operated no flights at all from 3rd quarter of 1951 through 1st quarter of 1954,[17] and had minimal operations in 1957 and 1958 (seeTable 1). In September 1957, the CAB warned LAAS to operate within the next 30 days or lose operating authority, the airline having sold all its aircraft.[18] Kerkorian's interests were as much in aircraft trading as airline operation: when Kerkorian took a stake in a Las Vegas casino in 1955,Variety Magazine referred to him not an airline operator but as an airplane dealer.[19] Kerkorian made some famous deals through LAAS. For instance, in 1951, LAAS bought the wreckage of aBritish Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) Constellation in the UK from BOAC's insurers, shipped it to the US and hadLockheed rebuild it,[20] leasing it toCalifornia Hawaiian Airlines, another irregular airline.[21] All-told, the deal netted Kerkorian over a half-million dollars (over $5.5 million in 2025 dollars).[22] SeeExternal links for photos of LAASC-46 andDC-4 aircraft.
Table 1: Los Angeles Air Service financial results, 1952–1960
LAAS changed its name in 1960 in part to eliminate confusion withLos Angeles Airways, a scheduled helicopter airline. It originally wanted "California National Airlines", changing to "California International Airlines" whenNational Airlines objected, before settling on Trans International. Originally just a trade name,[31] later in the year LAAS changed the name of the corporation.[32] Coincident with the name change, the airline entered the scheduled market from the west coast to Hawaii flyingDC-6B aircraft; its Hawaii representative wasPeter Ueberroth, later famous for running the1984 Los Angeles Olympics.[33] TIA's 1960 revenues reflect a far higher level of scheduled service than previously. SeeTable 1. But from April 1960, the legal status of supplemental carriers was in question and when Congress settled the issue in 1962, it limited supplemental carriers to purely charter service from 1964.
In 1960 theUS Air Force shifted emphasis from using its own transportation service to commercial charters, which it no longer awarded on the basis of competitive bidding. Instead, the CAB set uniform (and much higher) prices for military charters, which were awarded on the basis of participation in theCivil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF), rewarding airlines that enrolled aircraft in CRAF that the military valued, such as long-range jets and those with cargo capability, and above all convertible (able to carry passenger or cargo) aircraft.
TIA was the first supplemental to fly jets,[34] buying theDouglas DC-8 prototype, "Ship One",[35] which had been upgraded to then-modernJT3Dturbofan engines,[36] in June 1962. TIA immediately landed a $6.2 million military charter contract,[37] an amount greater than TIA's total 1961 revenue (seeTable 2). In July 1963 TIA was the first airline of any kind to fly cargo jet charters for the military, leveraging the military's preference by acquiring a convertible passenger/cargo aircraft.[38] Kerkorian later said moving to jets "was the real breakthrough."[39] Note the substantial difference in performance betweenTable 1 andTable 2. Apart from Ship One, TIA would buy 12 DC-8s new from Douglas in the 1960s, all convertible.[40] Military charters boomed because of the Vietnam War.[41] TIA had much lower costs than most airlines,[42] and that plus higher military charter rates and demand for convertible jets resulted in fast growth and high operating margins.[43] For instance, from 1964 to 1965, TIA's revenues grew by 56% while operating margin expanded from 19.4% to 33.0%.
In 1965, TIA's jets brought further benefit. The CAB provided an exemption for TIA (andWorld Airways) to offer European charters that summer.[44] The CAB wanted more jet capacity and the supplemental airlines already certificated for Europe,Saturn andCapitol, had no jets and a single jet respectively.[45] Obtaining Europe access was fortunate for TIA; as discussed below, Europe became the key non-military market for supplementals.
Table 2: Trans International Airlines financial results, 1961–1970
In October 1962,Studebaker, attempting to diversify, bought TIA[55] for $2.7 million in stock.[56] In 1964, Studebaker reversed course, and in June Kerkorian bought TIA back for $2.5 million in cash, with president Glenn Cramer a significant minority shareholder. To repay the loan the company took to pay Studebaker,[57] Kerkorian took TIApublic in April 1965, the first supplemental to go public.[58] In 1966, the airline moved its headquarters from Las Vegas to Oakland, California.[59] In September 1967,Transamerica Corporation, an insurance company then based in San Francisco, offered to buy TIA for stock then valued at $147 million (over $1.3 billion in 2025 terms).[60] The transaction closed March 1968.[61] Kerkorian made $104 million.[39] Cramer became president and CEO of TIA and a director of Transamerica.[62]
Europe became a uniquely important commercial market for supplementals. By 1974, there were eight remaining supplemental carriers, the so-called Big Five (Capitol,Overseas National (ONA),Saturn, TIA andWorld) and Little Three (Johnson,McCulloch andModern).[63] By 1972, TIA had the leading market share in Europe charters,[64] and such charters accounted for 64.6% of TIA's commercial passenger revenue, thelowest such metric of any of the Big Five. For instance, ONA depended on Europe for 99.5% of commercial passenger revenue.[65][66] The Europe market grew strongly until 1973, when demand unexpectedly plateaued, a situation that became even more challenging in the fourth quarter when fuel prices spiked as a result of the 1973 oil crisis.[67] TIA was already more diversified, relative to Europe commercial revenue, than others in the Big Five. In offering to buy Saturn Airways in 1974, TIA bought an airline that, by the time the deal closed in 1976, had no Europe passenger charter exposure at all.
For further on supplemental air carriers and US-Europe charters see:
In April 1974, TIA tentatively agreed to buy Saturn for $15 million in Transamerica stock.[68] As the CAB noted, Saturn was the most profitable supplemental, and complementary to TIA. In 1974, freight was 2/3 of Saturn's revenues versus 3.3% of TIA's, and military was 47% of Saturn's revenues versus 12.5% of TIA.[69] Saturn withdrew from flying passengers entirely in November 1974.[70] The transaction closed November 1976 and in the meantime Saturn's financial performance improved significantly. Saturn renegotiated and the price more than doubled to $35 million (over $190 million in 2025 terms) by closing.[71][72] TIA thus gained a strong freight business, includingLockheed L-100 Hercules andLockheed L-188 Electra freighter aircraft. In particular, Saturn had a leading position in the domestic air freight networksLogair andQuicktrans of theUS Air Force andUS Navy, respectively. Saturn's share of the combined Logair/Quicktrans contract was as high as 86% during the mid-1970s, based on its monopoly as an L-100 provider,[73] a position TIA inherited.
Table 3: Trans International Airlines financial results, 1971–1978
After the Saturn merger, TIA was by far the most dominant supplemental. As Table 3 shows, in 1978, the last year of the regulated era, TIA accounted for over 43% of all supplemental revenue. But TIA was still of modest size overall; in 1978, the largest scheduled airline by revenue wasUnited Airlines, with over 15 times TIA's revenue at $3.5 billion.[78]US airline deregulation came into effect in 1979, but by year-end 1978, the CAB had already approved TIA scheduled servic to Europe.[79] By May 1979, TIA was flying scheduled service to Amsterdam from Los Angeles and New York.[80] On October 1, the airline aligned its name with that of its parent, becoming Transamerica Airlines (TA).[81]
At the time, TA said it wanted to become a leading international scheduled carrier and add eightBoeing 747s over three years.[82] But instead the airline (proud of its record of profitability) took a cautious stance, largely sticking to the charter business it knew, aiming, as of 1982, to generate 15% of revenues from scheduled service, with military charters another 30%. It continued to focus on international charters, where it benefitted from former players dropping out,[83] as, overall, international charter volumes declined substantially in the first few years after deregulation.[84] TA's scheduled service reflected this modest ambition, with low frequency service on relatively few routes, mostly international (seeDestinations). In the end Transamerica took delivery of only three 747s. It converted 12 DC-8-61/63s to DC-8-71/73s (re-engining withCFM56-2high-bypass turbofans and other upgrades). Transamerica noted its 70-series DC-8s had the same number of seats as the then brand-newBoeing 767, while having international range (not true of initial 767 models, which, pre-ETOPS, were not intercontinental aircraft) and operating costs within 1% of the 767, at half the cost.[83]
In late 1983 TA asked for wage givebacks from its pilots.[92] The pilot union,Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA), claimed this amounted to a 50% wage cut[93] (later bumping this to 60%)[89] for a profitable airline. But TA noted new entrant charter carriers had much lower wages. Pilot wages were an industry-wide issue. For instance, in 1983, bankruptContinental Airlines imposed much lower wages on pilots and others.[94] In the same year, ALPA said it had provided savings of over $2 billion to airlines since deregulation through concessions.[95]
In 1984, Transamerica Corporation announced it would establish a second Trans International Airlines as a non-union sibling to TA, using the certificate of a dormant airline,Louisville-based Central American International. It denied any intention to transfer business to the new carrier from TA, but ALPA was skeptical. ALPA offered concessions in exchange for killing the new airline, but Transamerica declined. ALPA sued to force the government to impose labor protective provisions, a routine part of airline mergers in the regulated era. The government argued this was inconsistent with the intent of airline deregulation and courts agreed, confirming the ability of a holding company to own both union and non-union airlines.
In 1984, TA got a court injunction to stop a pilotsickout.[96] In early 1985, the pilots launched a public relations campaign against the airline.[97] In August, TA shut its Oakland maintenance base, contracting withWorld Airways, also based at Oakland. Many former TA mechanics transferred to World, but at lower rates.[89] A few days later, TA also fired 75 white-collar workers. Layoffs reflected, in part, the sale of five DC-8s.[98] The reduction in activity can be seen in Table 4. In January 1986, Transamerica Corporation announced it was exiting non-financial businesses, putting TA for sale along withBudget Rent-a-Car and an industrial subsidiary.[99] In July, an employee group formed to buy TA was shocked at the (undisclosed) asking price, and meanwhile TA's entire fleet was on the market.[100] Finally, in August, the corporation decided to shut the airline as of September 30, timing driven by annual military contract awards.[101] In the subsequent year, TA would sell two 747s for $126 million and 7 DC-8-73CFs for $165.5 million,[102] a third 747 for $63 million[103] and 11 Hercules for $86.35 million.[104] TA received insurance proceeds for a 12th Hercules when the $7.75 million aircraft, leased toSouthern Air Transport, crashed on 4 October 1986, only days after TA shutdown.[105]
8 September 1970:Trans International Airlines Flight 863,DC-8-63CF N4863T, a ferry flight fromNew York toWashington, DC, crashed shortly after takeoff when a foreign object lodged in the right elevator, jamming it and forcing the aircraft into an extreme nose-high attitude, from where it stalled and crashed. TheNational Transportation Safety Board cited the failure of the captain to adequately monitor the aircraft and reject the takeoff in time. All 11 crewmembers, the only people on board, died.[114]
24 May 1977: Two employees were killed and a wing torn off Trans International AirlinesLockheed L-100-30 Hercules N24ST in a fuel tank explosion during routine maintenance atOakland. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service, but destroyed in 1984.[115][116]
18 November 1979: TransamericaLockheed L-188C Electra N859U operating Logair flight 3N18 for theUS Air Force departedHill Air Force Base en route toNellis Air Force Base inLas Vegas. While climbing between 12,000 and 13,000 ft, all electrical power was lost; the crew requested an immediate descent. The aircraft attained high airspeed and high rate of descent and disintegrated in flight, killing all three crew members. Probable cause was progressive failure of the electrical system leading to disabling or erratic performance of critical instruments and lighting in night-time instrument conditions. The crew became disoriented and lost control.[117] The aircraft was inherited fromUniversal Airlines viaSaturn Airways. Two other Universal Electras (N851U, N855U) previously crashed near Hill Air Force Base.
27 August 1983: TransamericaL-100-30 N17ST crashed in fog at 2,650 ft nearDundo, Angola,[120] killing all seven crew on board.[121]
29 December 1984: TransamericaL-100-30 N24ST was destroyed on the ground by gunfire atCafunfo, Angola.[122][123] Transamerica was operating under contract to diamond-mining companyDiamang andUNITA took responsibility for the attack,[124] in which the first officer was killed.[125]
^Tilford Jr., Earl H. (1992)."Kirk Kerkorian (1917– )". In Leary, William M. (ed.).Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography. Vol. The Airline Industry. New York: Bruccoli Clark Layman and Facts On File. pp. 255–257.
^Pathwick-Paszyc, John-Conrad (December 1979).Acquisition of Airlift Services From Commercial Sources: A Revised Method (Masters thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. p. 43–45.hdl:10945/18583.
^Leary, William M. (1992)."Transamerica Airlines". In Leary, William M. (ed.).Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography. Vol. The Airline Industry. New York: Bruccoli Clark Layman and Facts On File. pp. 456–457.
Carriers that operated for all/part of 1938–1978 when most were under close economic control of theCAB.Bold indicates survived into deregulated era (1979–today)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
%2c_Trans_International_Airlines_-_TIA_AN0610025.jpg)
.jpg)
