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Traditionally, many different kinds of boats have been used asfishing boats to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river. Even today, many traditional fishing boats are still in use. According to the United NationsFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO), at the end of 2004, the world fishing fleet consisted of about 4 million vessels, of which 2.7 million were undecked (open) boats. While nearly all decked vessels were mechanised, only one-third of the undecked fishing boats were powered, usually with outboard engines. The remaining 1.8 million boats were traditional craft of various types, operated by sail and oars.[1]
This article is about the boats used for fishing that are or were built from designs that existed before engines became available.
Earlyfishing vessels includedrafts,dugout canoes,reed boats, and boats constructed from a frame covered withhide ortree bark, such ascoracles.[2] The oldest boats found by archaeological excavation are dugout canoes dating back to theNeolithic Period around 7,000-9,000 years ago. These canoes were often cut fromconiferous tree logs, using simplestone tools.[2][3] A 7000-year-old sea going boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait.[4] These early vessels had limited capability; they could float and move on water, but were not suitable for use any great distance from the shoreline. They were used mainly forfishing andhunting.
The development of fishing boats took place in parallel with the development of boats built for trade and war. Early navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics forsails. Affixed to a pole set upright in the boat, these sails gave early boats more range, allowing voyages of exploration
According to the FAO, at the end of 2004, the world fishing fleet included 1.8 million traditional craft of various types which were operated by sail and oars.[5] These figures for small fishing vessels are probably under reported. The FAO compiles these figures largely from national registers. These records often omit smaller boats where registration is not required or where fishing licences are granted by provincial or municipal authorities.[5]Indonesia reportedly has about 700,000 current fishing boats, 25 percent of which aredugout canoes, and half of which are without motors.[6] ThePhilippines have reported a similar number of small fishing boats.
Traditional fishing boats are usually characteristic of the stretch of coast along which they operate. They evolve over time to meet the local conditions, such as the materials available locally for boat building, the type of sea conditions the boats will encounter, and the demands of the localfisheries.
Artisan fishing is small-scalecommercial orsubsistence fishing, particularly practices involving coastal or island ethnic groups using traditionalfishing techniques and traditional boats. This may also include heritage groups involved in customary fishing practices. Artisan fishers usually use small traditional fishing boats that are open (undecked) and have sails; these boats use little to no mechanised or electronic gear. Large numbers of artisan fishing boats are still in use, particularly in developing countries with long productive marine coastlines.
Araft is a structure with a flat top that floats. It is the most basic boat design, characterised by the absence of ahull. The classic raft is constructed by lashing several logs, placed side by side, to two or more additional logs placed transverse to the others. In many Asian countries, the rafts are similarly constructed using bamboo.
In shallow waters, rafts can bepunted with a push pole. They can be used as stealthy platforms for fishing shallow waters around lakes. In sheltered coastal waters, anchored or drifting rafts can become effectivefish aggregating devices.Payaos were traditional bamboo rafts used inSoutheast Asia as aggregating device. Fishermen on the top of the raft usedhandlines to catchtuna.[7]
Pontoon boats, and to some degree thepunt, can be viewed as modern derivatives of rafts.
Boats, rafts and even small floating islands have been made from reeds. Reed rafts can be distinguished from reed boats, since the rafts are not made watertight.[8]
The earliest known boat made with reeds (and tar) is a 7000-year-old sea going boat found in Kuwait.[4]
TheUros are an indigenous people pre-dating theIncas. They live, still today, on man-made floating islands scattered acrossLake Titicaca. These islands are constructed fromtotora reeds.[9] Each floating island supports between three and ten houses, also built of reeds.[10] The Uros also build their boats from bundled dried reeds.[9] These days some Uros boats, used for fishing and hunting seabirds, have motors.
Reed boats were constructed inEaster Island with a markedly similar design to those used in Peru.[11] Apart from Peru and Bolivia, reed boats are still used inEthiopia[12] and were used until recently inCorfu.[13]
Coracles are light boats shaped like a bowl, typically with a frame of woven grass or reeds, or strong saplings covered with animal hides.[14] Thekeel-less, flat bottom evenly spreads the weight across the structure reducing the required depth of water often to only a few inches. Coracles have been used, and to a degree are still used, in India, Vietnam, Iraq, Tibet, North America and Britain.[15]
Coracles inIraq are called "quffa." Their history goes back to antiquity where they appear onAssyrian-era reliefs sculpted between 600 and 900 BC. These reliefs are now in theBritish Museum.Herodotus visited Babylon in the 5th century BC, and wrote a long description of the coracles he encountered there. Traditionally,quffa were framed withwillow orjuniper and covered withhides orreeds. The outside was then coated with hotbitumen for waterproofing, although the inside could also be coated for larger vessels. These coracles have been in continuous use on theTigris andEuphrates rivers, particularly aroundBaghdad, through the 1970s. Some of the Iraqi coracles are very large, with the largest reaching up to 5.5 metres (18 ft) in diameter and being able to carry up to 5 tons.[16]
Coracles are known to have been in use in Britain in 49 BC whenJulius Caesar encountered them.[17] They are still used inWales, where they were traditionally framed with split and interwovenwillow rods, tied with willow bark. The outer layer was an animal skin, such ashorse orbullock hide, with a thin layer oftar for waterproofing. Today tarredcalico orcanvas, or simplyfiberglass can be used.[18][19] Different Welsh rivers have their own designs, tailored to the flow of the river. TheTeifi coracle, for instance, is flat-bottomed, as it is designed to negotiate shallow rapids, common on the river in the summer, while theCarmarthen coracle is rounder and deeper, because it is used in tidal waters on theTywi, where there are no rapids.[20]
Coracles can be effective fishing vessels. When operated skilfully, they hardly disturb the water or the fish. Welsh coracle fishing is performed by two men, each seated in his coracle and with one hand holding the net while with the other he plies his paddle. When a fish is caught, each hauls up his end of the net until the two coracles touch and the fish are secured. Many coracles are so light and portable that they can easily be carried on the fisherman's shoulders.
In North America,American Indians and frontiersmen made coracles, calledbull boats, by covering awillow frame withbuffalo hide. The buffalo hair was left on the hide because it inhibited the craft from spinning, and the tails were also left intact and used to tie bull boats together.[21]
Indian coracles commonly operate on the riversKaveri andTungabhadra inSouthern India.[22] The smaller ones are about 6.2 feet (1.9 metres) in diameter, and are used primarily for fishing. Indian coracles have been used since prehistoric times.[14]
InTibet, coracles, used for fishing and ferrying people, are made by stretchingyak hide overjuniper frames, and fastened with leather thongs. They are shaped like the Iraq coracles. Yack butter is used for waterproofing. Again, different rivers have their own designs. Sometimes two coracles are strapped together for added stability.[23][24]
InVietnam, elegant coracles constructed with bamboo, are still used from many beaches, such as atNha Trang,Phan Thiết andMui Ne. The coracles are towed in a line behind a motor boat, like beads on a string, to their fishing ground. There the fisherman layfishing nets in the sea. Later, another tow returns the coracle fishermen to the beach with their catch.
Acanoe is a small narrow boat, usually pointed at both bow and stern and normally open on top, though they can be covered. A dugout is a canoe hollowed from a tree trunk. The oldest known canoe is thedugoutPesse canoe found in the Netherlands.[25] According toC14 dating analysis it was constructed somewhere between 8200 and 7600 BC.[25] This canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum inAssen, Netherlands. Another dugout, almost as old, has been found atNoyen-sur-Seine.[26] The oldest known canoe found in Africa (and the second-oldest worldwide) is theDufuna canoe, constructed about 6000 BC. It was discovered by aFulani herdsman inNigeria in 1987.[27]
During theIron Age residents ofGreat Britain used dugouts for fishing and transport. Two ancient dugouts discovered inNewport, Shropshire are on display atHarper Adams University in Newport. In 1964, a dugout was uncovered inPoole Harbour,Dorset. ThePoole Logboat, dated to 300 BC, was large enough to accommodate 18 people and was constructed from a largeoak tree.
Best known are the canoes of the EasternNorth American Indians. These, often elegant canoes, were not dugouts, but were made of a wooden frame covered withbark of a birch tree,pitched to make it waterproof.[28]
Typically canoes are propelled withpaddles, often by two people. Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated on supports in the hull, or kneeling directly upon the hull. Paddles can be single-bladed or double-bladed.
Apirogue is a small, flat-bottomed boat of a design associated particularly withWest Africanfishermen[29] and theCajuns of theLouisiana marsh. These are usually dugouts, and are light and small enough to be easily taken onto land. The design allows the pirogue to move through the very shallow water of marshes and be easily turned over to drain any water that may get into the boat. The pirogue is usually propelled bypaddles with one blade. It can also bepunted with a push pole in shallow water. Smallsails can also be used. Outboard motors are increasingly being used in many regions.
Thelog canoe ofChesapeake Bay is in the modern sense not a canoe at all, though it evolved through the enlargement ofdugout canoes.
For stability in rougher waters, canoes can be fitted withoutriggers. One or two small logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted to either side of the hull. These are calledoutrigger canoes.
Many of the fishing boats in Indonesia and the Philippines are double-outrigger craft, consisting of a narrow main hull with two attached outriggers, commonly known asjukung in Indonesia andbanca in the Philippines.[30]
Thejukung is ofBalinese origin, one of many genre of Pacific/Asian outrigger canoes. The considerable stability provided by the outriggers means that the jukung copes well with alateen (triangular) sail. While the lateen sail presents some difficulties intacking into the wind, requiring ajibe, the jukung is superb in its reaching ability and jybe-safe running. They are usually highly decorated and bear a marlin-likeprow.
A traditionalcatamaran consists of two canoes, orvakas, joined by a frame, formed ofakas. Catamarans were used by the ancient TamilChola dynasty as early as the 5th century AD for moving their invasion fleets. Since then, they have been widely used for fishing in South East Asia and Polynesia.
Kayaks are generally differentiated from canoes by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. In a kayak the paddler faces forward, legs in front, using a double bladed paddle. In a canoe the paddler faces forward and sits or kneels in the boat, using a single bladed paddle. In some parts of the world, such as theUnited Kingdom, kayaks are considered a subtype ofcanoe. Continental European andBritish canoeing clubs and associations of the 19th Century used craft similar to kayaks, but referred to them as canoes.
The availability of reliable and durable ropes and lines has had many consequences for the development and utility of traditional fishing boats. They can be used to lash planks and frames together, as stay lines for masts, as anchor lines to secure the boat, and asfishing lines for makingfishing nets.
Ropes and lines are made offibre lengths, twisted orbraided together to providetensile strength. They are used for pulling, but not for pushing.
Fossilised fragments of "probably two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" have been found in one of the caves atLascaux, dated about 15,000BC.[31] Egyptian rope dates back to 4000 to 3500 BC and was generally made of water reed fibers. Other rope in antiquity was made from the fibers ofdate palms,flax,grass,papyrus,leather, or animal hair. Rope made ofhemp fibres was in use in China from about 2800 BC.
Before engines became available, boats could be propelled manually or by the wind. Boats could be propelled by the wind by attachingsails tomasts set upright in the boat. Manual propulsion could be done in shallow water bypunting with a push pole, and in deeper water bypaddling with apaddle orrowing withoars. The difference between paddling and rowing is that when rowing the oars have a mechanical connection with the boat, while when paddling the paddles are hand-held with no mechanical connection. Canoes were traditionally paddled, with the paddler facing the bow of the boat. Small boats that use oars are calledrowboats, and the rower typically faces the stern.
Around 4000 BC,Egyptians were building long narrow boats powered by many oarsmen. Over the next 1,000 years, they made a series of remarkable advances in boat design. They developed cotton-made sails to help their boats go faster with less work. Then they built boats large enough to cross the oceans. These boats had sails and oarsmen, and were used for war and trade. Some ancient vessels were propelled by either oars or sail, depending on the speed and direction of the wind (seetrireme andbireme). The Chinese were using sails around 3000 BC, of a type that can still be seen on traditional fishing boats sailing off the coast of Vietnam in Ha Long Bay.
Ajangada is an elegant planked fishing boat used in northernBrazil. It has been claimed the jangada dates back to ancient Greek times.[32] It uses a triangular (lateen) sail, which allows it to sail against the wind.
Afelucca is a traditional wood-planked sailing boat used in protected waters of theRed Sea and easternMediterranean includingMalta, and particularly along theNile inEgypt. Itsrig consists of one or twolateensails.
Building boats from planks meant boats could be more precisely constructed along the line of large canoes than hollowing tree trunks allowed. It is possible that planked canoes were developed as early as 8,500 years ago in Southern California.[33]
By3000 BC, the Egyptians knew how to assembleplanks ofwood into a ship hull.[34] They used wovenstraps to lash planks together,[34] andreeds orgrass stuffed between the planks to seal the seams.[34] An example of their skill is theKhufu ship, a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed at the foot of theGreat Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954.
A further development was the use oftimber frames, to which the planks could be lashed, stitched or nailed. With the use of frames, it is possible to developcarvel-style andclinker-style planking (in the USA the termlapstrake is used instead ofclinker).Scandinavians were using clinker construction by at least 350 BC.[35]
Carvel construction dates back even earlier. Aluzzu is a double-ended carvel-built fishing boat from theMaltese islands. Traditionally, they are brightly painted in shades of yellow, red, green and blue, and thebow is normally painted with a pair of eyes. These eyes may be the modern survival of an ancientPhoenician custom (also practiced by theancient Greeks); they are sometimes (and probably inaccurately) referred to as theEye of Horus or ofOsiris. The luzzu has survived because it tends to be a sturdy and stable boat even in bad weather. Originally, the luzzu was equipped with sails although nowadays almost all are motorised, with onboarddiesel engines being the most common.
Boats inSouth East Asia andPolynesia centred on canoes, outriggers and multihull boats. By contrast, boats in Europe centred on framed and keeledmonohulls.
TheScandinavians were building innovative boats millennia ago, as shown by the manypetroglyph images ofNordic Bronze Age boats. The oldest archaeological find of a wooden Nordic boat is theHjortspring boat, built about 350 BC. This is the oldest known boat to useclinker planking, where the planks overlap one another. It was designed as a large canoe, 19 m long and crewed by 22–23 men usingpaddles. Scandinavians continued to develop better boats, incorporatingiron and other metal into the design, addingkeels, and developingoars for propulsion.[35][36] Another Nordic shipfind is theNydam boat, found preserved in theNydam Mose bog inSundeved,Denmark. It has beendendro dated to 310–320 AD. Built of oak, it is also clinker-built, is 23 metres long and was rowed by thirty men.[37]
By 1000 AD theNorsemen were pre-eminent on the oceans. They were skilled seamen and boat builders, with clinker-built boat designs that varied according to the type of boat. Trading boats, such as theknarrs, were wide to allow large cargo storage. Raiding boats, such as thelongship, were long and narrow and very fast. The vessels they used for fishing were scaled down versions of their cargo boats. TheScandinavian innovations influenced fishing boat design long after the Viking period came to an end. For example,yoles from the OrkneyIsland of Stroma were built in the same way as the Norse boats, as were theShetlandyoals and thesgoths of theOuter Hebrides.
In the 15th century, the Dutch developed a type of sea-goingherringdrifter that became a blueprint for subsequent European fishing boats. This was theherring buss, used by Dutch herring fishermen until the early 19th centuries. The ship typebuss has a long history. It was known around 1000 AD in Scandinavia as abǘza, a robust variant of the Viking longship. The first herring buss was probably built inHoorn around 1415. The last one was built inVlaardingen in 1841. The ship was about 20 metres long and displaced between 60 and 100 tons. It was a massive round-bilgedkeel ship with a bluffbow andstern, the latter relatively high, and with a gallery. The busses used long driftinggill nets to catch the herring. The nets would be retrieved at night and the crews of eighteen to thirty men[38] would set togibbing, salting and barrelling the catch on the broad deck. The ships sailed in fleets of 400 to 500 ships[38] to theDogger Bank fishing grounds and theShetland isles. They were usually escorted by naval vessels, because the English considered they were "poaching". The fleet would stay at sea for weeks at a time. The catch would sometimes be transferred to special ships (calledventjagers), and taken home while the fleet would still be at sea (the picture shows aventjager in the distance).[38]
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During the 17th century, the British developed thedogger, an early type of sailingtrawler orlongliner, which commonly operated in theNorth Sea. The dogger takes its name from theDutch worddogger, meaning a fishing vessel which tows atrawl. Dutch trawling boats were common in the North Sea, and the worddogger was given to the area where they often fished, which became known as theDogger Bank.[39] Doggers were slow but sturdy, capable of fishing in the rough conditions of the North Sea.[40] Like the herring buss, they were wide-beamed and bluff-bowed, but considerably smaller, about 15 metres long, a maximum beam of 4.5 m, a draught of 1.5 m, and displacing about 13 tonnes. They could carry a tonne of bait, three tonnes of salt, half a tonne each of food and firewood for the crew, and return with six tonnes of fish.[40] Decked areas forward and aft probably provided accommodation, storage and a cooking area. An anchor would have allowed extended periods fishing in the same spot, in waters up to 18 m deep. The dogger would also have carried a small open boat for maintaining lines and rowing ashore.[40]
During the same period, small boats were also undergoing development. TheFrenchbateau type boat was a small flat bottom boat with straight sides used as early as 1671 on theSaint Lawrence River.[41] The common coastal boat of the time was thewherry and the merging of the wherry design with the simplified flat bottom of the bateau resulted in the birth of thedory. Anecdotal evidence exists of much older precursors throughout Europe. England, France, Italy, and Belgium have small boats from medieval periods that could reasonably be construed as predecessors of the dory.[42] InIreland, theGandelow was used to fish for salmon in theShannon estuary from the 1600s onwards.
Dories are small, shallow-draftboats, usually about five to seven metres (15 to 22 feet) long. They are lightweight versatile boats with high sides, a flat bottom and sharp bows, and are easy to build because of their simple lines. The dory first appeared inNew England fishing towns sometime after the early 18th century.[43] TheBanks dories appeared in the 1830s. They were designed to be carried onmother ships and used for fishingcod at theGrand Banks.[43] Adapted almost directly from the low freeboard, French river bateau, with their straight sides and removable thwarts, bank dories could be nested inside each other and stored on the decks of fishing schooners, such as theGazela Primeiro, for their trip to the Grand Banks fishing grounds.
In the 19th century, a more effective design for sailingtrawlers was developed at the English fishing port,Brixham. These elegant wooden sailing boats spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere. Their distinctive sails inspired the songRed Sails in the Sunset, written aboard a Brixham sailing trawler called theTorbay Lass. In the 1890s there were about 300 trawling vessels there, each usually owned by the skipper of the boat. Several of these old sailing trawlers have been preserved.[44][45]
Throughout history, local conditions have led to the development of a wide range of types of fishing boats. TheLancashire nobby was used down the north west coast of England as a shrimp trawler from 1840 until World War II. The bawley and thesmack were used in the Thames Estuary and offEast Anglia, while trawlers and drifters were used on the east coast.Herring fishing started in theMoray Firth in 1819. TheManx nobby was used as a herringdrifter around theIsle of Man, and thefifie were used as herringdrifters along the east coast of Scotland from the 1850s until well into the 20th century.
