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Thuluth (Arabic:ثُلُث,Thuluth orArabic:خَطُّ الثُّلُثِ,Khaṭṭ-uth-Thuluth;Persian:ثلث,Sols;Turkish:Sülüs, fromthuluth "one-third") is anArabic script variety ofIslamic calligraphy. The straight angular forms ofKufic were replaced in the new script by curved andoblique lines. InThuluth, one-third of each letter slopes, from which the name (meaning "a third" in Arabic) comes. An alternative theory to the meaning is that the smallest width of the letter is one third of its widest part. It is an elegant,cursive script, used in medieval times onmosque decorations. Various calligraphic styles evolved fromThuluth through slight changes of form.
Thuluth was first invented by the polymath and master calligrapherIbn Muqla during theIslamic Golden Age.
Enormous contributions to the evolution of theThuluth script occurred in theOttoman Empire in three successive steps that Ottomanart historians call "calligraphical revolutions":
The best known artist to write theThuluth script at its zenith is said to beMustafa Râkım Efendi (1757–1826), a painter who set a standard in Ottoman calligraphy which many believe has not been surpassed to this day.[8]
Thuluth is mainly used to write the headings ofsurahs,Qur'anic chapters, and also for Arabic writings in mosques. Some of the oldest copies of the Qur'an were written entirely inThuluth. Later copies were written in a combination ofThuluth and eitherNaskh orMuhaqqaq. After the 15th century Naskh came to be used exclusively.
The script is used in the flags ofSaudi Arabia andAfghanistan, where the text,Shahada alTawhid, is written inThuluth.
An important aspect ofThuluth is the use ofharakat ("hareke" in Turkish) to represent vowel sounds and of certain other stylistic marks to beautify the script. The rules governing the former are similar to the rules for any Arabic script. The stylistic marks have their own rules regarding placement and grouping which allow for great creativity as to shape and orientation. For example, one grouping technique is to separate the marks written below letters from those written above.
Since its creation,Thuluth has given rise to a variety of scripts used in calligraphy and over time has allowed numerous modifications.JeliThuluth was developed for use in large panels, such as those on tombstones. TheMuhaqqaq script was developed by widening the horizontal sections[clarification needed] of the letters inThuluth. TheNaskh script introduced a number of modifications resulting in smaller size and greater delicacy.Tawqi is a smaller version of Thuluth.
Ruq'ah was probably derived fromThuluth and Naskh.
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