Set in the mythical land of Prydain during theEarly Middle Ages, the film centers on a wicked emperor known as the Horned King, who hopes to secure an ancient magical cauldron that will aid him in his desire to conquer the world. He is opposed by young swineherderTaran, the youngPrincess Eilonwy, the harp-playingbardFflewddur Fflam, and a friendly wild creature namedGurgi, who seek to destroy the cauldron to prevent the Horned King from ruling the world.
Disney acquired the film rights to the books in 1973, with production beginning in 1980. It was originally scheduled to be released at Christmas 1984, but several scenes, particularly in the film's climax, were found to be disturbing to children during a test screening. The newly appointedWalt Disney Studios chairmanJeffrey Katzenberg ordered the scenes to be cut, which caused its release to be delayed to 1985. It was the first Disney animated film to receive aPG rating, as well as the first Disney animated film to featurecomputer-generated imagery.
The Black Cauldron was released byBuena Vista Pictures Distribution on July 24, 1985. The film received mixed reviews from critics. Being the most expensive animated film ever made at the time, it was abox-office bomb, grossing just $21 million against a budget of $44 million and putting the future of Disney's animation department in jeopardy. Because of its commercial failure, Disney did not release the film on home media until 1997. It has since gained acult following.[7][8]
In the land of Prydain,Taran, a teenage "assistant pig-keeper" on the farm of Caer Dallben, home of Dallben the Enchanter, dreams of becoming a famous warrior. Dallben learns that the evilHorned King is searching for the Black Cauldron, a mystical relic that can create an invincible army of undead warriors known as the Cauldron-Born. Dallben fears that the Horned King might use his pig, Hen Wen, who hasoracular powers, to locate the cauldron. He directs Taran to take Hen Wen to safety, but the pig is captured by Gwythaints, the Horned King's wyvern-like creatures.
Taran follows them to the Horned King's castle and meets the pestering creature,Gurgi, who wants to be his friend. Taran helps Hen Wen escape but is captured and thrown into the dungeon. Another captive namedPrincess Eilonwy frees him. In the catacombs, Taran and Eilonwy discover the ancient burial chamber of a king. Taran arms himself withthe king's sword, which contains magic that allows him to fight the Horned King's minions. Along with a third prisoner, comical bard Fflewddur Fflam, they escape and are found by Gurgi. The Horned King sends the Gwythaints to capture Taran and his friends.
Following Hen Wen's trail, the group stumbles into the underground kingdom of theFair Folk, who have Hen Wen under their protection. When the kindly King Eidilleg reveals the cauldron's location, Taran decides to destroy it. Eidilleg's obnoxious right-hand man Doli is assigned to lead the friends to the Marshes of Morva while the Fair Folk escort Hen Wen back to Dallben. At Morva, they learn the cauldron is held by three witches—leader Orddu, greedy Orgoch, and benevolent Orwen. Orddu agrees to trade the cauldron for Taran's sword and he reluctantly agrees. The witches reveal the cauldron is indestructible, and its power can only be broken when someone willingly climbs into it, which will kill them. Taran feels foolish for trading the sword for nothing but his companions show their belief in him. They are captured by the Horned King's minions and Gurgi flees. The Horned King uses the cauldron to raise the dead and his Cauldron-born army begins to pour out into the world.
Gurgi, deciding not to abandon his friends this time, rescues them. Taran decides to jump into the cauldron to save everyone, but Gurgi jumps in instead, killing the Cauldron-born and himself. The cauldron begins consuming anything within its vicinity. Taran is confronted by the Horned King, who attempts to sacrifice him to the Cauldron. Before he can succeed, the Horned King is dragged into the Cauldron and violently ripped apart, which destroys the castle.
The three witches arrive to recover the now-inert Black Cauldron. Having realized Gurgi's true friendship, Taran asks them to revive Gurgi in exchange for the cauldron, choosing to give up his sword. The witches honor the request and Gurgi is resurrected, much to everyone's joy. Taran and Eilonwy kiss and the four friends journey back home to Dallben. Dallben and Doli watch them in a vision created by Hen Wen, and Dallben finally praises Taran for his heroism.
In 1964,Lloyd Alexander began publishing his five-volume seriesThe Chronicles of Prydain, with the first installment titledThe Book of Three. According toJoe Hale, Lenore Duckwall, the wife of production manager Don Duckwall, had read the books and suggested an adaptation to her husband.[9] Don Duckwall then showed the books toWolfgang "Woolie" Reitherman, who agreed to adapt the series into an animated film. Hale further noted, "The [Disney] Studio pictures at that time were not appealing to teenagers, who were the bulk of the audience in the theaters ... They wanted to make a PG-rated picture that would attract an older audience."[9] Walt Disney Productionsoptioned Alexander's five-volume series in 1971.[10] Pre-production work began in 1973 when the film rights to Alexander's books were finally obtained.[11] According toOllie Johnston, he andFrank Thomas supported the film adaptation, and that if it had been done properly, it might have been "as good asSnow White".[12] Because of the numerous storylines, and with over thirty characters in the original series, several story artists and animators worked on the film's development throughout the 1970s.[13]
WhenThe Rescuers (1977) was completed,The Black Cauldron was tentatively scheduled to be released in 1980. Veteran artistMel Shaw created preliminary conceptual pastel sketches, which future Disney president and CEORon Miller considered to be too advanced for the newly-hired animators.[14] Therefore, by August 1978, the studio had pushed its release date back to Christmas 1984 due to their inability to animate realistic human characters; its original release date was later assumed byThe Fox and the Hound (1981).[15] During its development limbo, storyboard artistVance Gerry drew panels of beat storyboards that outlined the plot, action, and locations. Having established the three principal characters, Gerry adapted the Horned King into a big-bellied Viking who had a red beard, fiery temper, and wore a steel helmet with two large horns. Meanwhile, Miller hiredRosemary Anne Sisson as they desired an experienced British screenwriter for the film.[16]
AnimatorJohn Musker was the film's initial director, having been offered the position by production head Tom Wilhite. As director, Musker was assigned to expand several sequences in the first act, but they were eventually deemed too comedic.[17] Musker explained, "...the older people I was working with didn't like any of my ideas."[18] When production onThe Fox and the Hound (1981) had wrapped, several feature animation directorsArt Stevens,Richard Rich,Ted Berman, and Dave Michener became involved inThe Black Cauldron. When Miller decided too many people were involved, he decided Stevens was not appropriate to supervise the project so he contacted Joe Hale, who was a longtime layout artist at Disney Studios, to serve as producer.[14][17][19] Hale, who had finished animation special effects work onThe Watcher in the Woods (1980), initially declined the offer due to his friendship with Art Stevens, and wanting to continue working on live-action projects. Miller replied regardless of his involvement or not, Stevens would be replaced. After a reconsideration, Hale accepted the offer.[19][20]
With Hale as producer, actual production onThe Black Cauldron officially began in 1980.[13][11] He discarded visual character artwork submitted byTim Burton, and along with Rich and Berman, they desired aSleeping Beauty (1959)–styled visual approach. Both directors broughtMilt Kahl out of retirement to create new character designs for Taran, Eilonwy, Fflewddur Fflam, and the other principal characters. Hale and the story team (including two story artists David Jonas and Al Wilson that he added) heavily revised the film, by which they capsulized the stories of the first two books. They also made some considerable changes, which led to Sisson's departure as she developed creative differences with Hale and the directors.[21]
Musker andRon Clements, also citing creative differences, were removed from the project and began development onThe Great Mouse Detective (1986).[22] Displeased with Gerry's concept for the Horned King, Hale turned the Horned King into a thin creature donning a hood and carrying a spectral presence with shadowed face and glowing red eyes. His role was then expanded into a composite villain of several characters from the books.[13] Taran and Eilonwy eventually acquired elements of the past designs and costumes of earlier Disney characters, especially the latter, who was drawn to resemblePrincess Aurora.[21][23]
According to Musker,Gary Burghoff ofM*A*S*H fame had auditioned as Gurgi. He tried numerous vocal iterations since Ted Berman had no idea how the character should sound. After three hours, the directors grew frustrated and Burghoff, who had refused to leave, was thrown out of the studio.[24] By 1982,John Byner, an impressionist, had been cast in the part.[25] After Byner was shown the character concepts for Gurgi, he felt inspired to add a "child's inflection" when creating the voice.[26]
In January 1981,Hayley Mills stated she was being considered for the voice of Eilonwy.[27] That same year, Mills hosted an episode ofNBC'sDisney's Wonderful World, in which she met with Hale and the directors to discuss the part.[28] The role eventually went to Susan Sheridan. According to Sheridan, she recorded the voice on three separate trips to the Disney studios.[29] In a 1983Disney Channel special titledBackstage at Disney, Hale stated thatJonathan Winters was voicing King Eidilleg.[30] The role eventually went to Arthur Malet.
Shortly before the film's initially planned 1984 theatrical release, a test screening for the rough cut ofThe Black Cauldron was held at the studio's private theater in Burbank, California. After the film, particularly the climactic "cauldron-born" sequence, proved to be too intense and disturbing for the children in the audience,[31] the newly appointed Disney studio chairmanJeffrey Katzenberg ordered certain scenes fromThe Black Cauldron be cut, as a result of the length and the fear that their nature would alienate children.[32] Since animated films were generally edited instoryboard form usingLeica reels (later known asanimatics: storyboards shot sequentially and set to temporary audio tracks), producer Joe Hale objected to Katzenberg's demands. Katzenberg responded by having the film brought into an edit bay and editing the film himself.[32]
Informed of what Katzenberg was doing by Hale, the newly appointed Disney CEOMichael Eisner called Katzenberg in the editing room and convinced him to stop. Though he did as Eisner insisted, Katzenberg requested that the film be modified, and delayed its scheduled Christmas 1984 release to July 1985 so that the film could be reworked.[32]
The film was ultimately cut by twelve minutes,[33] with existing scenes rewritten and reanimated for continuity.[32] Many of the deleted scenes involved extended character interactions, but other edits involved violent content, including the undead "Cauldron-Born", who are used as the Horned King's army in the film's final act. While most of the scenes were seamlessly removed from the film, the Cauldron-Born sequence contains rather recognizable lapses because the removal of the scenes of the Cauldron-Born mauling the henchmen, as well as one of them being dissolved by the mist, creates a jump in the film's soundtrack.[10]
Invented by David W. Spencer from the studio's still camera department,[34] theanimation photo transfer process (APT) was first used forThe Black Cauldron which would enhance the technology by which the rough animation would be processed ontocelluloid though this was tested inThe Fox and the Hound in a few scenes. First, the rough animation would be photographed onto high-contrastlithographic film, and the resulting negative would be copied onto the plastic cel sheets that would transfer lines and the colors which eventually eliminated the hand-inking process.[35][36] However, as the APT-transferred line art would fade off of the cels over time, most of the film's animation was done using thexerographic process, which had been used by Disney since the late 1950s.[37] Spencer would win atechnical Academy Award for this process, but the computer systemCAPS would soon render the APT process obsolete.[34]
The Black Cauldron is notable for being Disney's first animated feature film to incorporatecomputer-generated imagery in its animation for bubbles, a boat, a floating orb of light, and the cauldron itself.[38] ThoughThe Black Cauldron was released a year beforeThe Great Mouse Detective, both films were in production simultaneously for some time and the computer graphics for the latter were done first. When producer Joe Hale heard about what was being done, the possibilities made him excited and he made the crew fromThe Great Mouse Detective project create some computer animation for his own film. For other effects, animator Don Paul used live action footage of dry ice mists to create the steam and smoke coming out of the cauldron.[33]
The film was the last Disney animated film to be completed at the original Animation Building of theWalt Disney Studios (Walt Disney Productions) inBurbank, California.[39] Theanimation department was moved to the Air Way facility in nearbyGlendale in December 1984, and following corporate restructuring, eventually returned to the Burbank studio in the mid-1990s at a new facility.[40]
Unlike most other Disney animated films of the time, the film has no musical numbers, only containing a musical score. The score, composed and conducted byElmer Bernstein, used theondes Martenot to build upon the dark mood of Prydain, an instrument he used previously inTrading Places (1983) andGhostbusters (1984).[41]
Due to last minute revisions, much of Bernstein's score was cut from the film.[41] In its minority, the score was re-recorded for the album original release byVarèse Sarabande in 1985, with the composer conducting theUtah Symphony Orchestra.[41] The album soon fell out of print and many of the film's tracks did not resurface until a bootleg copy entitled "Taran" was supplied to soundtrack specialty outlets in 1986.[41] The film tracks received their premiere release in 2012 as part ofIntrada Records' partnership withWalt Disney Records to issue several Disney film soundtracks.[42]
The Black Cauldron was released in North America on July 24, 1985.[3] While officially budgeted by Disney executives at $25 million,[14] the film's production manager,Don Hahn,[14] said in his documentary,Waking Sleeping Beauty, that it cost $44 million to produce the film,[5][6] making it the most expensive animated film ever made at the time.[10] The film grossed $21.3 million domestically,[3] putting the future of the animation department in jeopardy and earning it the nickname "the film that almost killed Disney".[10] The film was not only outgrossed byThe Care Bears Movie, an animated feature with a significantly lower budget, but also by a rerelease of the studios' ownOne Hundred and One Dalmatians.[48] Unlike most animated Disney features, it was not rereleased to theaters every seven years.[49] It was also not distributed on home video until thirteen years after its theatrical run.[32][40] The film was however more successful outside North America, notably in France, where it had 3,074,481 admissions and was the fifth most attended film of the year.[50]
On the review aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 56% based on 36 reviews, with an average score of 5.7/10. The critics' consensus reads: "Ambitious but flawed,The Black Cauldron is technically brilliant as usual, but lacks the compelling characters of other Disney animated classics."[51] OnMetacritic, the film had aweighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[52]
Roger Ebert ofChicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, praising the film as "a rip-roaring tale of swords and sorcery, evil and revenge, magic and pluck and luck... And it takes us on a journey through a kingdom of some of the more memorable characters in any recent Disney film." He noted how "involving" the story was, and felt "the key to the movie is in the richness of the characterizations, and the two best characters, I think, are the Horned King and a fuzzy little creature named Gurgi."[53]
Charles Solomon of theLos Angeles Times wrote that the "highly dimensional sound track, with its opulent Elmer Bernstein score and excellent vocal performances, is a technological work of art. But it is the animation itself with some of the best work the studio has produced sinceWalt Disney's death in 1966 that dazzles the viewer." He felt that if "its script and direction were equal to the animation,Cauldron would be a masterpiece to rank withSnow White andPinocchio, instead of the frustrating, beautiful, exciting and ultimately unsatisfying film that it is."[54]
Walter Goodman, reviewing forThe New York Times, praised the animation and John Hurt's performance, but believed "[p]eople old enough to recall their delight at earlier feature animations, no doubt burnished by memory, are not of course the audience at whichThe Black Cauldron is aimed. Nor, apparently, is it aimed at youngsters who have had a taste of more sophisticated animation of theStar Wars breed of movies."[55]
London'sTime Out magazine deemed it "a major disappointment", adding that "the charm, characterization and sheer good humor" found in previous Disney efforts "are sadly absent".[56]
Charles Champlin, also from theLos Angeles Times, wrote thatThe Black Cauldron lacks "the simplicity and the clarity of great fairy tales, or the child-sized wonder ofMargery Sharp's stories that becameThe Rescuers, the last really successful Disney animated feature. One wonderful chase in the old riotously inventive slapstick tradition and two minor comic figures suggest the pleasures that can result when the inventing animators have a fertile ground to start from. But a lot of the way the film seems to be dutifully following a rather cumbersome and not overly attractive story."[57]
Jeffrey Katzenberg, then-chairman of theWalt Disney Studios, was dismayed by the product and the animators believed that it lacked "the humor, pathos, and the fantasy which had been so strong inLloyd Alexander's work. The story had been a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity and it was heartbreaking to see such wonderful material wasted."[58]
Lloyd Alexander, the author of the books on which the film was based, had a more complicated reaction to the film:[59]
First, I have to say, there is no resemblance between the movie and the book. Having said that, the movie in itself, purely as a movie, I found to be very enjoyable. I had fun watching it. What I would hope is that anyone who sees the movie would certainly enjoy it, but I'd also hope that they'd actually read the book. The book is quite different. It's a very powerful, very moving story, and I think people would find a lot more depth in the book.
The Black Cauldron was first released onVHS in the United Kingdom in 1997, and in the United States on August 4, 1998, as part of theWalt Disney Masterpiece Collection,[60] in apan-and-scan transfer, 13 years after its theatrical release.[14] The film received aDVD release with a 2.20:1 non-anamorphic widescreen transfer in 2000, as part of theWalt Disney Gold Classic Collection line, featuring an art gallery, a new gameThe Quest for the Black Cauldron, and the 1952 Donald Duck shortTrick or Treat. In 2008, Disney announced aSpecial Edition DVD release of the film to be released in 2009, but was re-advertised as a "25th Anniversary Edition" and released on September 14, 2010, in the US and UK. It contained the original 2.35:1 anamorphic widescreen transfer, the newWitch's Challenge game, an unfinisheddeleted scene, and all of the features from the 2000 DVD release.[61]
In November 2019, the film was released in 4K for the launch ofDisney+.[62] On May 4, 2021, the film was released onBlu-ray exclusively through Disney Movie Club.[63]
Costumed versions of the characters from the film have made occasional appearances at theDisney Parks mostly inFantasyland.
In 1986, the eatery Lancer's Inn atWalt Disney World, was renamed Gurgi's Munchings and Crunchings. Eventually, in 1993 it was closed and then remodeled into Lumiere's Kitchen, The Village Fry Shoppe, and currently The Friar's Nook.[64][65]
On July 11, 1986,Tokyo Disneyland opened Cinderella Castle Mystery Tour, a walk-through attraction in which the Horned King makes an appearance. The attraction was in operation until 2006.[66][67][68] To tie in with the attraction's opening, a 14-day special event and castle showThe Mystery of Cinderella Castle was featured on the Cinderella Castle Forecourt Stage, featuringMickey Mouse,Donald Duck, andGoofy, withPrincess Aurora,Prince Phillip, andMaleficent fromSleeping Beauty. During the battle against Maleficent's forces by Goofy, Donald, Phillip, and Aurora, a cameo appearance is made by Creeper with other Disney villains.[69]
The video gameThe Black Cauldron was designed byAl Lowe ofSierra On-Line and released in 1986. It was made shortly after the firstKing's Quest game, and it resembles that adventure in many ways. Along withThe Dark Crystal it remains one of only a few adventure games by Sierra to be based on films.[70]
Theworld-building video gameDisney Magic Kingdoms includes Taran, Eilonwy, Fflewddur Fflam, Gurgi and the Horned King as playable characters, and attractions based on the Horned King's Castle and Fairfolk Whirlpool, as well as some establishments and decorations based on the film.[71][72]
Like other Disney animated characters, the characters of the film have recurring cameo appearances in the television seriesHouse of Mouse. During the episode "House of Magic",Daisy Duck uses the Black Cauldron for a magic show, with disastrous results.[73]
The plot ofThe Black Cauldron has a major focus on the direct-to-video anthology filmOnce Upon a Halloween, showing several scenes as flashbacks. In said film it is also mentioned that one of the cauldrons that belonged to the Witches of Morva is now the property of theEvil Queen (fromSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs).
In 2016,Walt Disney Pictures had re-acquired the film rights toThe Chronicles of Prydain, on which the animated feature filmThe Black Cauldron was based, with the intention to adapt the book series into a live-action feature film series. The project was in early development at theWalt Disney Studios with no director, producer, or screenwriter attached yet. Since then, there have been no further reports about the project.[75]
^Kroyer, Bill; Sito, Tom (2019). "John Musker Interview". In Diamond, Ron (ed.).On Animation: The Director's Perspective Volume 1.CRC Press. p. 14.ISBN978-1-138-06707-3.
^Ebsen, Buddy (narrator) (May 4, 1985)."Voice Actors".Disney Family Album. Episode 12. Event occurs at 22:57. Disney Channel.Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. RetrievedAugust 9, 2022 – viaYouTube.
^Solomon, Charles (March 7, 1984)."Animation Takes a Giant Step".Los Angeles Times. Part VI, p. 2.Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. RetrievedAugust 9, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^Solomon, Charles (July 27, 1985)."'CAULDRON' A Treat for Kidvid-Sore Eyes".Los Angeles Times. Part V, p. 2.Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
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