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Tamanu oil is pressed from nuts of eitherCalophyllum inophyllum (usually) orCalophyllum tacamahaca (ati), tropical trees belonging to theCalophyllaceae family. The oil originates inPolynesia, where it continues to play an important cultural role.[citation needed]
Commercial uses of tamanu oil are predominantly forskin care. The oil has value and use as a fuel. Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO) is rich in antioxidants and contains UV-absorption properties.[1]
It is also calledbeauty leaf oil,calophyllum inophyllum seed oil,calophyllum inophyllum oil,"Da'ok",kamani oil,calophyllum oil,calophyllum inophyllum essential oil,dilo oil,foraha oil,Alexandrian laurel oil,poon oil,nyamplung oil,domba oil,honne oil (Honge is used as biodiesel),undioil,pinnai oil,fetau oil,punnai oil,daokoil,pinnay oil,kamanu oil,bitaog oil,tamanu nut oil,punna oil,takamaka oil (ambiguous),laurelwood oil (ambiguous),tacamahac oil (ambiguous),punnaga oil,fetaʻu oil,palo maria oil,ballnut tree oil,ballnut oil,btaches oil,beach calophyllum oil, ormù uoil.
Fruiting takes place twice a year, in May and November. When ripe, the fruit is wrinkled and its color varies from yellow to brownish-red. Ripe and fallen fruits are collected from the bottom of the tree, by beating the limbs with a long hand stick, or hand-picked by climbing the tree.
A tamanu fruit produces a single large seed. The seed consists of a kernel 1.5 cm indiameter and enclosed in a soft- and a hard seed coat. It is 43–52% of the weight of the whole dry fruit, about 4 g. Fresh kernels contain 55–73% oil and 25% moisture;[2] the oil content increases to 70–75% when dry.[3][4]: 342
The seeds are decorticated by woodenmallets or bydecorticators or by pressing under planks. Usually, the kernels are pressed in wooden and stone ghani.[2]
The firstneoflavone isolated in 1951 from natural sources was calophyllolide fromC. inophyllum seeds.[5]
Thefatty acid methyl esters derived fromC. inophyllum seed oil meet the majorbiodiesel requirements in theUnited States (ASTM D 6751), andEuropean Union (EN 14214). The average oil yield is 11.7 kg-oil/tree or 4680 kg-oil/hectare. In the northwest coastal areas of Luzon island in the Philippines, the oil was used for night lamps.[6] This widespread use started to decline when kerosene, and later electricity, became available. It was also used as fuel to generate electricity to power radios during World War II. A farmer inNagappattinam district ofTamil Nadu, India, has successfully used the oil asbiodiesel to run his 5-hp pumpset.[7]
InSouthern India, the oil may have been useful in waterproofing cloth and is used as avarnish. An extract from the fruit was once used to make a brown dye to colour cloth. The oil can also be used to makesoap.[8]
The oil is bluish-yellow to dark green and very viscous. It has a disagreeabletaste andodour as it contains someresinous material that can easily be removed byrefining. The concentration of resinous substances in the oil varies from 10 to 30%.[9] The main compounds of the seed oil are oleic-, linoleic-, stearic- and palmitic acids.
Physical characteristics[2]
| physical character | Range |
| Refractive index 30 °C | 1.460-1.470 |
| Iodine value | 79-98 |
| Saponification value | 190-205 |
| Unsaponifiable matter | 1.5%, maximum |
| Acid value | 20-40 |
| Moisture | 0.5%, maximum |
Fatty acids present in oil[citation needed]
| Fatty acid | Percentage |
| Palmitic acid | 14.8-18.5 |
| Stearic acid | 6.0-9.0 |
| Oleic acid | 36-53 |
| Linoleic acid | 16-29 |
| Erucic acid | 2.5-3.5 |
Another source[citation needed] says the oil contains the followingfatty acids:
| Fatty acid | Content |
|---|---|
| Linoleic acid | 38% |
| Oleic acid | 34% |
| Stearic acid | 13% |
| Palmitic acid | 12% |
Other components includecalophyllolide,friedelin,inophyllums B and P,terpenic essences,benzoic andoxibenzoic acids,phospho-amino lipids,glycerides,saturated fatty acids, and4-phenylcoumarins.[10]
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