Sultan ofEgypt
Royal Standard of Egypt
1799 painting of a counsellor to the Sultan
Details
Style	His Majesty
Formation	1174 Precursor:Pharaoh
Abolition	15 March 1922 Successor:King of Egypt
Residence	Cairo Citadel,Cairo,Egypt
Appointer	Hereditary

Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers ofEgypt after the establishment of theAyyubid dynasty ofSaladin in 1174 until theOttoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Though the extent of the Egyptian Sultanate ebbed and flowed, it generally includedSham andHejaz, with the consequence that the Ayyubid and laterMamluk sultans were also regarded as the Sultans ofSyria. From 1914, the title was once again used by the heads of theMuhammad Ali dynasty ofEgypt andSudan, later being replaced by the title ofKing of Egypt and Sudan in 1922.

Prior to the rise ofSaladin, Egypt was the center of the ShiaFatimid Caliphate, the only period in Islamic history when acaliphate was ruled by members of theShia branch ofIslam. The Fatimids had long sought to completely supplant theSunniAbbasid Caliphate based inIraq, and like their Abbasid rivals, they also took the titleCaliph, representing their claim to the highest status within the Islamic hierarchy. However, with Saladin's rise to power in 1169, Egypt returned to the Sunni fold and the Abbasid Caliphate. Recognizing the Abbasid Caliph as his theoretical superior, Saladin took the title ofSultan in 1174, though from this point until the Ottoman conquest, supreme power in the caliphate would come to rest with the Sultan of Egypt.

In 1250, the Ayyubids were overthrown by theMamluks, who established theBahri dynasty and whose rulers also took the title sultan. Notable Bahri sultans includeQutuz, who defeated the invadingMongol army ofHulagu at theBattle of Ain Jalut, andBaibars, who finally recaptured the last remnants of the CrusaderKingdom of Jerusalem. The Bahri were later overthrown by a rival Mameluke group, who established theBurji dynasty in 1382.

The Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 ended the Egyptian Sultanate, with Egypt henceforth a province of theOttoman Empire. It also marked the end of theMamluk Abbasid dynasty, as the Ottomans captured the current CaliphAl-Mutawakkil III, and forced him to relinquish the title to theOttoman SultanSelim I. The Ottomans subsequently paid little interest to Egyptian affairs, and the Mamelukes rapidly regained most of their power within Egypt. However, they remained vassals of the Ottoman Sultan and their leaders were limited to the title ofBey.

In 1523, the Ottoman-appointed Turkishgovernor of Egypt,Hain Ahmed Pasha, declared himself the Sultan of Egypt and Egypt independent from the Ottoman Empire. He struck his own coins to legitimize his rule, but soon thereafter, Ottoman forces underPargalı Ibrahim Pasha captured him and executed him, with Ibrahim Pasha assuming the governorship until he found a more permanent replacement,Hadım Süleyman Pasha.

Following the defeat ofNapoleon I's forces in 1801,Muhammad Ali Pasha seized power, overthrowing the Mamelukes, and declaring himself ruler of Egypt. In 1805, the Ottoman SultanSelim III reluctantly recognized him asWāli under Ottoman suzerainty. Muhammad Ali, however, styled himself asKhedive, and though technically avassal of the Ottoman Empire, governed Egypt as if it were an independent state. Seeking to rival and ultimately supplant the Ottoman Sultan, Muhammad Ali implemented a rapid modernization and militarization program, and expanded Egypt's borders south intoSudan and north intoSyria. Eventually, he waged war on the Ottoman Empire with the intention of overthrowing the rulingOsman Dynasty and replacing it with his own. Though the intervention of theGreat Powers prevented Muhammad Ali from realizing his grandiose ambitions of becoming sultan himself, obliging Egypt to remain technically part of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt's autonomy survived his death with thePorte recognizing theMuhammad Ali Dynasty as hereditary rulers of the country.

Muhammad Ali's grandson, Ismail I, acceded to the Egyptian throne in 1863 and immediately set about achieving his grandfather's aims, though in a less confrontation manner. A combination of growing Egyptian power, deteriorating Ottoman strength, and outright bribery led to Ottoman SultanAbdulaziz formally recognizing the Egyptian ruler as Khedive in 1867. As Ismail expanded Egypt's borders inAfrica, and the Ottoman Empire continued to decay, Ismail believed he was close to realizing formal Egyptian independence, and even contemplated using the opening of theSuez Canal in 1869 to declare himself Sultan of Egypt. He was persuaded otherwise by pressure from theGreat Powers, who feared the consequences of further disintegration of Ottoman power. Ultimately, Ismail's reign ended in failure, due to the massive debt his ambitious projects had incurred. European and Ottoman pressure forced his removal in 1879 and replacement by his far more pliant sonTewfik. The subsequentOrabi Revolt resulted inGreat Britain invading Egypt in 1882 on the invitation of Khedive Tewfik, and beginning its decades long occupation of the country.

From 1882 onwards, Egypt's status became deeply convoluted: officially a province of the Ottoman Empire, semi-officially a virtually independent state with its own monarchy, armed forces, and territorial possessions inSudan, and for practical purposes a British puppet. The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty in Egypt was finally ended in 1914 when the Ottoman Empire joined theCentral Powers inFirst World War. Alarmed that the anti-British KhediveAbbas II would side with the Ottomans, the British deposed him in favor of his uncleHussein Kamel and declared Egypt a Britishprotectorate. Symbolizing the official end of Ottoman rule, Hussein Kamel took the title Sultan as did his brotherFuad I who succeeded him in 1917, though in reality Egypt remained under British domination. Both Hussein Kamel and Fuad maintained Egypt's claim toSudan, with Egyptian nationalists declaring both in turn to be the "Sultan of Egyptand Sudan".

Rising nationalist anger at the continued British occupation forced Britain toformally recognize Egyptian independence, in 1922. However, the title of Sultan was dropped and replaced withKing. Nationalist leaderSaad Zaghlul, who was later exiled by the British, maintained that this was because the British refused to recognize a sovereign Egyptian ruler who outranked their own king (in the hierarchy of titles, sultan, likeshah in Iran, is comparable toemperor, being a sovereign who recognizes no secular superior). Another reason offered for the change in title is that it reflected the growing secularization of Egypt at the time, as sultan hasIslamic overtones, whereas the Arabic word for king,malik, does not.^{[citation needed]}

Upon overthrowing Fuad's son,King Farouk I, in theEgyptian revolution of 1952, theFree Officers briefly considered declaring his infant son Sultan to reinforce Egypt's sovereignty over Sudan and demonstrate their rejection of British occupation. However, since the revolutionaries had already decided to abolish the Egyptian monarchy after a brief period of consolidating their hold on power, they determined that it would be an idle gesture and Farouk's son was duly declaredKing Fuad II. The following year, on 18 June 1953, the revolutionary government officially abolished the monarchy and Egypt became arepublic.

• Saladin (1171–1193)
• Al-Aziz (1193–1198)
• Al-Mansur (1198–1200)
• Al-Adil I (1200–1218)
• Al-Kamil (1218–1238)
• Al-Adil II (1238–1240)
• As-Salih Ayyub (1240–1249)
• Turanshah (1249–1250)
• Shajar al-Durr (1250–1250)
• Al-Ashraf II (1250–1254) (nominally, actually the MamlukAybak ruled)

Salihi Mamluks  Bahri dynasty  Burji dynasty
Number	Royal title	Name	Reign start	Reign end	Ethnicity	Background notes	Coinage
1st	Al-Malik al-Mu'izz	Izz ad-Din Aybak	31 July 1250[1]	10 April 1257[2]	Turkmen	Middle-rankingmamluk ofAyyubid sultanas-Salih Ayyub. Married the latter's widow,Shajar ad-Durr, who became sultan on 2 May 1250 until she abdicated in favor of Aybak.[1]
2nd	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Nur ad-Din Ali	15 April 1257[3]	November 1259[3]	Turkmen	Son of Aybak.
3rd	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Sayf ad-Din Qutuz	November 1259[3]	24 October 1260[3]	Khwarazmian Turk[4]	Amamluk of Aybak and head of Aybak'smamluk faction, the Mu'izziya,[5] Aybak's chief deputy, and strongman of Ali's sultanate.[6]
4th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Rukn ad-Din Baybars	24 October 1260[3]	1 July 1277[3]	Kipchak Turk	Bahrimamluk and founder of theBahri dynasty.[5]
5th	Al-Malik as-Sa'id	Nasir ad-Din Barakah	3 July 1277[3]	August 1279[3]	Kipchak Turk	Son of Baybars and his wife, who was the daughter of Husam ad-Din Baraka Khan, a Khwarazmian warrior chief, after whom Barakah was named.[7][4][8]
6th	Al-Malik al-Adil	Badr ad-Din Salamish	August 1279[3]	November 1279[3]	Kipchak Turk	Son of Baybars.
7th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Sayf ad-Din Qalawun	November 1279[3]	10 November 1290[3]	Kipchak Turk[9]: 394	Bahrimamluk and Baybars' chief deputy
8th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Salah ad-Din Khalil	12 November 1290[3]	12 December 1293[3]	Kipchak Turk	Son of Qalawun.
9th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	14 December 1293[3]	December 1294[3]	Kipchak Turk	Son of Qalawun. First reign.
10th	Al-Malik al-Adil	Zayn ad-Din Kitbugha	December 1294[3]	7 December 1296[3]	Mongol[10]	Amamluk of Qalawun.[10]
11th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Husam ad-Din Lajin	7 December 1296[3]	16 January 1299[3]	Circassian[11]	Amamluk of Qalawun.[10] Relative to Rukn ad-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir[11]
12th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	16 January 1299[3]	March 1309[3]	Kipchak Turk	Second reign.
13th	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Rukn ad-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir	April 1309[3]	5 March 1310[3]	Circassian[11]	Amamluk of Qalawun.[12] Relative to Husam ad-Din Lajin[11]
14th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	5 March 1310[3]	6 June 1341[3]	Kipchak Turk	Third reign.
15th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr	8 June 1341[3]	August 1341[13]	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Narjis.[14] Real power in Abu Bakr's sultanate was held by Qawsun, amamluk and senioremir of an-Nasir Muhammad.[13]
16th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk	August 1341[15]	21 January 1342[16]	Kipchak Turk andTatar	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his Tatar concubine Ardu.[14] An infant when he was made sultan by strongman Qawsun.[13]
17th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Shihab ad-Din Ahmad	21 January 1342[16]	27 June 1342[17]	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Bayad, a freed slave girl.[14]
18th	Al-Malik as-Salih	Imad ad-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il	27 June 1342[16]	3 August 1345[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, unnamed by the sources.[14]
19th	Al-Malik al-Kamil	Sayf ad-Din Sha'ban	3 August 1345[18]	18 September 1346[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his concubines, unnamed by the sources (same mother of as-Salih Isma'il).[14]
20th	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Sayf ad-Din Hajji	18 September 1346[18]	10 December 1347[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and one of his other unnamed concubines.[14]
21st	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Badr ad-Din Hasan	December 1347	21 August 1351[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his concubine Kuda, who died in Hasan's infancy. First reign. Hasan acceded to the sultanate as a young child and real power was shared by four senior emirs,Shaykhu an-Nasiri, Taz an-Nasiri, Manjak al-Yusufi andBaybugha al-Qasimi. Hasan was toppled when he challenged their power.
22nd	Al-Malik as-Salih	Salah ad-Din Salih	21 August 1351[18]	20 October 1354[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of an-Nasir Muhammad and his wife Qutlumalik, daughter of EmirTankiz al-Husami.[14]
23rd	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Badr ad-Din Hasan	20 October 1354[18]	16 March 1361[18]	Kipchak Turk	Second reign. He was killed by EmirYalbugha al-Umari.[18]
24th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Salah ad-Din Muhammad	17 March 1361[18]	29 May 1363[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of Hajji. Real power was held by Emir Yalbugha al-Umari, who toppled him.[18]
25th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Zayn ad-Din Sha'ban (Sha'ban II)	29 May 1363[18]	15 March 1377[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of al-Amjad Husayn (d. 21 January 1363), the last surviving son of an-Nasir Muhammad who never reigned,[19] and Khawand Baraka.[20]
26th	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Ala'a ad-Din Ali	15 March 1377[18]	19 May 1381[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of Sha'ban II. Was an infant during his accession, and real power was initially held by emirs Ibek and Qartay until the latter was ousted by the former. Ibek was later killed and power passed toBarquq, a formermamluk of Yalbugha an-Nasiri.
27th	Al-Malik as-Salih	Salah ad-Din Hajji	19 May 1381[18]	26 November 1382[18]	Kipchak Turk	Son of al-Ashraf Sha'ban. Was an infant during his succession and real power was held by Barquq.

Salihi Mamluks  Bahri dynasty  Burji dynasty
Number	Royal title	Name	Reign start	Reign end	Ethnicity	Background notes	Coinage
28th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Barquq	26 November 1382[18]	1 June 1389[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Yalbugha al-Umari. Son of Anas, who was brought to Egypt by Barquq in 1381 and converted to Islam. First reign. Established theBurji dynasty.
29th	Al-Malik as-Salih	Salah ad-Din Hajji	1 June 1389[18]	January 1390[18]	Kipchak Turk	Second reign. Installed during a rebellion against Barquq in which the latter was toppled.[18] When Barquq was restored, Hajji was allowed to continue residing in theCairo Citadel.
30th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Barquq	21 January 1390[18]	20 June 1399[18]	Circassian	Second reign.
31st	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Faraj	20 June 1399[18]	20 September 1405[18]	Circassian	Son of Barquq.[18]
32nd	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz	20 September 1405[18]	November 1405[18]	Circassian	Son of Barquq.[18]
33rd	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Nasir ad-Din Faraj	November 1405[18]	23 May 1412[18]	Circassian	Second reign.
34th	Al-Malik al-Adil	Al-Musta'in Billah	23 May 1412[18]	6 November 1412[18]	Arab	TheAbbasid caliph in Cairo. He was appointed by the Burji emir Shaykh Mahmudi as a figurehead, but then compelled him to abdicate.[18]
35th	Al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad	Shaykh al-Mahmudi	6 November 1412[18]	13 January 1421[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Barquq.
36th	Al-Malik al-Muzaffar	Ahmad	13 January 1421[18]	29 August 1421[18]	Circassian	Son of Shaykh. Was an infant during accession.
37th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Tatar	29 August 1421[18]	30 November 1421[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Barquq[21]
38th	Al-Malik as-Salih	An-Nasir ad-Din Muhammad	30 November 1421[18]	1 April 1422[18]	Circassian	Son of Tatar. Was an infant during accession.[18]
39th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Sayf ad-Din Barsbay	1 April 1422[18]	7 June 1438[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Barquq.[21] He was a tutor of Muhammad before he toppled him.[18]
40th	Al-Malik al-Aziz	Jamal ad-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf	7 June 1438[18]	9 September 1438[18]	Circassian	Son of Barsbay. Was a child during accession.
41st	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq	9 September 1438[18]	1 February 1453[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Barquq.[21]
42nd	Al-Malik al-Mansur	Fakhr ad-Din Uthman	1 February 1453[18]	15 March 1453[18]	Circassian	Son of Jaqmaq.[18]
43rd	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Sayf ad-Din Inal	15 March 1453[18]	26 February 1461[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Barquq.[21]
44th	Al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad	Shihab ad-Din Ahmad	26 February 1461[18]	28 June 1461[18]	Circassian	Son of Inal.[18]
45th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam	28 June 1461[18]	9 October 1467[18]	Greek[18]	Amamluk of Shaykh.[21]
45th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Sayf ad-Din Bilbay	9 October 1467[18]	4 December 1467[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Shaykh.[22]
46th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Timurbugha	4 December 1467[18]	31 January 1468[18]	Greek[23]	Amamluk of Jaqmaq.[21]
47th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Sayf ad-Din Qa'itbay	31 January 1468[18]	7 August 1496[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Barsbay.[24]
48th	Al-Malik an-Nasir	Muhammad	7 August 1496[18]	31 October 1498[18]	Circassian	Son of Qa'itbay[18]
49th	Al-Malik az-Zahir	Abu Sa'id Qansuh	31 October 1498[18]	30 June 1500[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Qa'itbay.[25]
50th	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Abu al-Nasir Janbalat	30 June 1500[18]	25 January 1501[18]	Circassian	Originally amamluk of Emir Yashbak min Mahdi, who gave Janbalat to Qa'itbay, who then freed him.[26]
51st	Al-Malik al-Adil	Sayf ad-Din Tumanbay	25 January 1501[18]	20 April 1501[18]	Circassian	Amamluk of Qa'itbay.[27]
52nd	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Qansuh al-Ghawri	20 April 1501[18]	24 August 1516[18]	Circassian	Hismamluk origins are unclear, but he was trained in the Ghawr Barracks of Cairo, hence his name "al-Ghawri".[28] Prior to his accession to the sultanate, he was an emir of ten and a provincial governor.[28]
53rd	Al-Malik al-Ashraf	Tumanbay II	17 October 1516[18]	15 April 1517[18]	Circassian	Last Mamluk sultan.

• Hain Ahmed Pasha (1523–1524)

• Hussein Kamel (Sultan of Egypt and Sudan) – 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
• Fuad I (Sultan of Egypt and Sudan) – 9 October 1917 – 16 March 1922

• Egyptian royal titles
• Sultans of Egypt

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