| Suffolk Regiment | |
|---|---|
 Badge of the Suffolk Regiment | |
| Active | 20 June 1685–29 August 1959 |
| Country |  Kingdom of England (1685–1707) Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800) United Kingdom (1801–1959) |
| Branch |  British Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Line infantry |
| Size | 1–2Regular battalions 1–2Militia andSpecial Reserve battalions |
| Garrison/HQ | Gibraltar Barracks, Bury St Edmunds |
| Nickname | The Old Dozen[1] |
| Anniversaries | Minden Day |
| Engagements | Battle of Minden Great Siege of Gibraltar Napoleonic Wars Eureka Rebellion Second Boer War World War I World War II Battle of Singapore |
TheSuffolk Regiment was aninfantryregimentof the line in theBritish Army with a history dating back to 1685. It saw service for three centuries, participating in many wars and conflicts, including theFirst andSecond World Wars, before being amalgamated with theRoyal Norfolk Regiment to form the1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) in 1959 which, in 1964, was further amalgamated with the2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire), the3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) and theRoyal Leicestershire Regiment to create the presentRoyal Anglian Regiment.
In 1685, theDuke of Norfolk's Regiment of Foot was recruited inNorfolk andSuffolk by theDuke of Norfolk.[2][3][4] Raised to suppress theMonmouth Rebellion, it became part of the Royal Army and its ColonelLord Lichfield remained loyal toJames II after the 1688Glorious Revolution.[5] He was replaced byHenry Wharton and the regiment fought throughout the 1689 to 1691Williamite War in Ireland, including theBattle of the Boyne, theCapture of Waterford and theSiege of Limerick in 1690.[3][6]
After the October 1691Treaty of Limerick, it returned toEngland before being transferred toFlanders. When theNine Years' War ended with the 1697Treaty of Ryswick, the regiment was saved from disbandment by becoming part of theIrish establishment, then spent theWar of the Spanish Succession inJamaica.[7] Returning to Flanders in 1742 during theWar of the Austrian Succession, it fought atDettingen in June 1743 andFontenoy in May 1745, where it suffered 322 casualties, the largest of any British unit involved.[8]
As a result of the 1751 army reforms, it was renamed the12th Regiment of Foot and in 1758, the second battalion was detached to form the65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot.[3][4] During the 1756 to 1763Seven Years' War, it fought at the battles ofMinden,Villinghausen andWilhelmsthal, as well as theSiege of Cassel.[9] In 1782, it was given a county association as the12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot.[3][4]
The regiment embarked for theWest Indies in 1793[10] and took part in the capture ofMartinique,Saint Lucia andGuadeloupe in 1794.[11] It returned to England in 1795[12] and then embarked forIndia in 1796 where it took part in operations againstTipu Sultan including theSiege of Seringapatam in April 1799 during theFourth Anglo-Mysore War.[13] It also took part in theInvasion of Île Bonaparte in July 1810[14] and theInvasion of Isle de France in November 1810 during theNapoleonic Wars.[15]
While garrisoning the AustralianColony of Victoria in 1854, detachments from the regiment, the40th Regiment of Foot and colonial police, suppressed theEureka Rebellion, by goldprospectors atBallarat.[16] There was a skirmish involving the 12th regiment and a mob of rebellious miners. Foot police reinforcements had already reached the Ballarat government outpost on 19 October 1854. A further detachment of the40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot arrived a few days behind. On 28 November, the 12th Regiment arrived to reinforce the local government camp. As they moved near where the rebels ultimately made their last stand, there was a clash, where a drummer boy, John Egan and several other members of the convoy were attacked by a mob looking to loot the wagons.[17]
Tradition variously had it that Egan either was killed there and then or was the first casualty of the fighting on the day of the battle. However, his grave in Old Ballarat Cemetery was removed in 2001 after research carried out by Dorothy Wickham showed that Egan had survived and died in Sydney in 1860.[18]
While still in Australia, elements of the 1st Battalion served in theNew Zealand Wars between 1860 and 1867.[19]
The regiment was not fundamentally affected by theCardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot atGibraltar Barracks inBury St Edmunds from 1873, or by theChilders reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment and it became simply theSuffolk Regiment. The depot was the 32nd Brigade Depot from 1873 to 1881, and the 12th Regimental District depot thereafter.[3][20] Under the reforms the regiment became theSuffolk Regiment on 1 July 1881.[21] As the county regiment of Suffolk, it also gained the county's militia andrifle volunteer battalions, which were integrated into the regiment as numbered battalions. After these reforms, the regiment now included:[3][4]
Regulars
Militia
Volunteer Force
The 1st Battalion served in theSecond Boer War: it assaulted a hill nearColesberg in January 1900 and suffered many casualties including the commanding officer.[16]
By contrast between 1895 and 1914, the 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was not involved in hostilities. It was stationed for the majority of the time in India. Garrison postings during this period include;Secunderabad (India) 1895, Rangoon and theAndaman Islands (Burma) 1896 to 1899,Quetta (North West Frontier) 1899 to 1902,Karachi andHyderabad (Northern India, now Pakistan) 1902 to 1905,Madras (India) 1905 to 1907,Aden 1907, returning to England in 1908.[16]
During its service in India the 2nd Battalion became known as a "well officered battalion that compared favourably with the best battalion in the service having the nicest possible feeling amongst all ranks". The 2nd was also regarded as a good shooting battalion with high level of musketry skills. The spirit of independence and self-reliance exhibited by officers and non-commissioned officers led to the 2nd Battalion taking first place in theQuetta Division of the BritishArmy of India, from a military effectiveness point of view, in a six-day test. This test saw the men under arms for over 12 hours a day conducting a wide selection of military manoeuvres, including bridge building, retreats under fire, forced marches and defending ground and fixed fortifications.[23][24]
In 1908, the Militia and Volunteers were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming theSpecial Reserve (SR) and the latter theTerritorial Force (TF).[25] The regiment now had the 3rd (Reserve) of the SR at Gibraltar Barracks and the 4th (at Portman Road inIpswich) and 5th (at Gibraltar Barracks) TF battalions. In 1910 the regiment gained another Territorial unit, the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion (at Woodbridge Road inIpswich), after the breakup of the Essex and Suffolk Cyclist Battalion.[3][4]
The 1st Battalion landed atLe Havre as part of the84th Brigade in the28th Division in January 1915 for service on theWestern Front and then transferred toEgypt on 24 October 1915.[26][27] It suffered some 400 casualties at theSecond Battle of Ypres in May 1915.[16]
The 2nd Battalion landed at landed at Le Havre as part of the14th Brigade in5th Division in August 1914.[26][27] The value of the 2nd Battalion's 20 years of peacetime training was exemplified at theBattle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914, a mere 23 days since Britain had declared war on Germany. In this action the 2nd Battalion undertook a fierce rear-guard defence out-manned and out-gunned by superior numbers of enemy. The 2nd Battalion held their defensive position despite losing their commanding officer, Lt. Col. C.A.H. Brett DSO, at the commencement of the action and their second in command, Maj. E.C. Doughty, who was severely wounded after six hours of battle as he went forward to take ammunition to the hard-pressed battalion machine gunners.[28]
Almost totally decimated as a fighting unit after over eight hours of incessant fighting, the 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was gradually outflanked but would still not surrender. This was despite the fact that theGerman Army, knowing the 2nd Battalion had no hope of survival, entreated them to surrender, even ordering the German buglers to sound the British Cease Fire and gesticulating for the men of the 2nd to lay down their arms. At length an overwhelming force rushed the 2nd Battalion from the rear, bringing down all resistance and the 2nd's defence of Le Cateau was at an end. Those remaining alive were taken captive by the Germans, spending the next four years as prisoners of war and not returning home until Christmas Day 1918.[23][29]
As an example of their valour and the level of training they had been subject to as a peacetime unit, it is noted that 720 men of 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment total roll call of some 1,000, many of whom had been with the battalion since the 1899 posting to Quetta, were killed, wounded or captured. This fight-to-the-last-man defence at Le Cateau was later recognised as a key factor in preventing the German occupation of Paris. The battalion, due to the casualties sustained, was transferred to GHQ Troops before, on 25 October, transferring to the8th Brigade of the3rd Division and, almost a year later, transferred to76th Brigade of the same division, where they were to remain for the rest of the year.[26][30]
The 3rd (Reserve) Battalion went to its war station in theHarwich Garrison, where it spent the war carrying out is twin roles of home defence and preparing reinforcement drafts for the Regular battalions serving overseas. It also spun off the 10th (Reserve) Battalion, which carried out the same task for the 7th, 8th and 9th (Service) Battalions until it became 26th Training Reserve Battalion in 1916.[26][27][31]
The 1/4th Battalion landed at Le Havre and joined theJullundur Brigade of the3rd (Lahore) Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front. It ended the war as the pioneer battalion of the58th (2/1st London) Division.[26][27][32] The 1/5th Battalion landed atSuvla Bay as part of the163rd (1/1st Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade in the54th (East Anglian) Division in August 1915; it was evacuated fromGallipoli in December 1915 and moved to Egypt and saw action again atFirst Battle of Gaza in March 1917 and through theSinai and Palestine campaign.[26][27][33] The 1/6th (Cyclist) Battalion served in home defence throughout the war.[26][27][34]
Soon after the outbreak of war the TF formed 2nd Line battalions, initially to supply reinforcements to the 1st Line serving overseas, then as service battalions in their own right. The 2/4th, 2/5th and 2/6th (Cyclist) Battalions served in home defence throughout the war. The 3rd Line battalions were formed in 1915 to supply reinforcements. The 3/6th (Cyclist) Battalion was disbanded in 1916, the 3/4th and 3/5th amalgamated as 4th Reserve Battalion, and then absorbed the reserve battalion of theCambridgeshire Regiment to form the Cambridge and Suffolk (Reserve) Battalion.[26][27][35]
Members of the TF who had not volunteered for overseas service were formed into Provisional Battalions, 4th and 5th Suffolks forming 64th Provisional Battalion. TheMilitary Service Act 1916 swept away the home/foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. On 1 January 1917 the provisional units became numbered battalions of their parent regiments, with 64th Provisional Bn, becoming 14th Suffolks, serving in bhome defence.[3][27][36]
15th (Suffolk Yeomanry) Battalion was formed inEgypt in 1917 from the dismountedSuffolk Yeomanry. It served as infantry in Palestine until the end of the war.[26][27][37]
A number of battalions were raised in 1914–15 as part of the New Armies ('Kitchener's Army'). The 7th, 8th and 9th (Service) Battalions were formed at Bury St Edmunds and all served on the Western Front.[3] The 7th (S) Battalion landed atBoulogne-sur-Mer as part of the35th Brigade in12th (Eastern) Division in May 1915.[26][27][38][a] The 8th (Service) Battalion landed in France as part of the53rd Brigade in18th (Eastern) Division in July 1915 and served until it was disbanded in February 1918.[26][27][39] The 9th (Service) Battalion landed at Boulogne as part of71st Brigade in24th Division in August 1915. It was also disbanded in February 1918.[26][27][40]SergeantArthur Frederick Saunders of the 9th Battalion was awarded theVictoria Cross while serving with the battalion during theBattle of Loos, the largest British Army offensive of 1915.[41]
The Cambridge Service Battalion was a Kitchener's Army unit formed by the Cambridge TF Association and later assigned to the Suffolk Regiment as the11th (Service) Battalion (Cambridgeshire). It landed at Boulogne as part of the101st Brigade in34th Division in January 1916 also for action on the Western Front. CorporalSidney James Day won the VC for his actions at Hargicourt on 26 August 1917. The battalion ended the war as part of61st (2nd South Midland) Division.[26][27][42][43]
The12th (Service) Battalion (East Anglia) was aBantam battalion formed at Bury St Edmunds in 1915. It landed at Le Havre as part of the121st Brigade in40th Division in June 1916. In 1918 it was reduced to acadre and returned to England to be reformed by absorbing the newly-formed 16th Battalion. It went back to the Western Front and ended the war as part of43rd Brigade in14th (Light) Division.[26][27][44]
13th (Reserve) Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (Cambridgeshire) was formed in 1915 from the reserve companies of the 11th Battalion; in 1916 it became 108th Training Reserve Battalion.[26][27][45]
1st (Reserve) Garrison and 2nd (Home Service) Garrison Battalions were also formed in 1916 and served in England.[26][27][46]
The 1st battalion saw action in the campaign against theMoplahs inMalabar in 1922 while the 2nd battalion was deployed toShanghai in 1927 before moving toIndia in 1929.[16]
The 1st Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was aRegular Army unit stationed in Devonport as part of the8th Infantry Brigade,3rd Infantry Division and served with theBritish Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France from late 1939 to May 1940. The division was commanded byMajor-GeneralBernard Montgomery. With the rest of the BEF, it was evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940. The next four years were spent training in theUnited Kingdom for theinvasion of Normandy in 1944, otherwise known asD-Day. The 1st Battalion, under the command ofLieutenant ColonelRichard E. Goodwin, landed onSword Beach and was involved in attacking and taking theHillman Fortress on D-Day itself. They served with the 3rd Infantry Division throughout the entireNorth West Europe Campaign from D-Day toVictory in Europe Day in 1945. By the end of the war the 1st Battalion had lost 215 men killed in action.[47]
The 2nd Battalion of the Suffolk Regiment was serving in India at the outbreak of the Second World War, spending the early years of the war mainly deployed on internal security duties. In 1943 the battalion transferred to the123rd Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the5th Indian Infantry Division and served with them in theBurma Campaign. In 1944 the battalion was flown toImphal to clear Japanese positions.[16]
The 4th/5th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was aTerritorial Army unit and was split to help re-create the 5th Battalion, which had been disbanded in the 1920s, in 1939 due to the Territorial Army being doubled as another conflict had, by this time, seemed inevitable. Both battalions were assigned to the54th Infantry Brigade, which included the 4thRoyal Norfolk Regiment, assigned to the18th Infantry Division, a 2nd Line duplicate of the54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division. Despite being a 2nd Line formation, the 18th Division contained many 1st Line units. The division spent the early years of the war in the defence of England and guarding against a possibleGerman invasion after the bulk of the British Army wasevacuated at Dunkirk. In late 1941 the 18th Division, the 4th and 5th Suffolks included, were originally to be sent to Egypt but instead were sent to Singapore to help strengthen the garrison there after Japan entered the war in December 1941. In early 1942, both the 4th and 5th battalions fought briefly in thedefence of Singapore against theJapanese, with the 18th Division, before British Commonwealth forces on that island surrendered on 15 February 1942 under the orders of Lieutenant-GeneralArthur Percival. Men from the two battalions suffered great hardship asPOWs and were forced to participate in the construction of theBurma Railway.[16]
The 7th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was a war-formed unit raised in June 1940, shortly after Dunkirk, and, on 10 October, was assigned to the210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) alongside other hostilities-only battalions. With the brigade, the battalion alternated between home defence duties and training to repel an expected invasion of the United Kingdom. In November 1941, with the threat of invasion reduced due to the oncoming winter, the battalion was converted to a regiment in theRoyal Armoured Corps, becoming142nd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (142 RAC) and joined25th Army Tank Brigade. They continued to wear their Suffolk Regiment cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps as did all infantry units converted this way.[48] Equipped withChurchill tanks the regiment landed atAlgiers in 1943, fighting at theBattle of Medjez-el Bab in theTunisia Campaign in April 1943. After the end of thefighting in North Africa the regiment remained there until April 1944 when, with the rest of the brigade, it landed atNaples,Italy, destined for service in theItalian campaign, where they fought inOperation Diadem, where theAllies finally broke out of theGustav Line. 142 RAC was present when the Allies overcame theHitler Line and theGothic Line in late 1944. However, due to a shortage of manpower, the regiment was disbanded in January 1945 while in northern Italy.[49]
The 50th (Holding) Battalion was created in late May 1940, around the time of theDunkirk evacuation, and was originally intended temporarily to 'hold' men who were medically unfit, awaiting orders, or, as this was at the time of Dunkirk, returning from overseas service. However, in October, the battalion was re-designated as the 8th Battalion. In addition, the 6th, 9th, 30th, 31st and 70th (Young Soldiers) Battalions were also formed, although none of these saw service overseas.[49]
The regiment was amalgamated with theRoyal Norfolk Regiment to form the1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk) in 1959.[3][4][50]
In 1949 the Suffolk Regiment was deployed to theMalayan Emergency.[51] During the Malayan Emergency in April 1952, soldiers of the Suffolk Regiment killed and decapitated a socialist revolutionary and an important guerrilla of theMalayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) called Hen Yan. After the war, a former member of the Suffolk Regiment wrote a book titledThe Suffolks in Malaya which described the killing but omitted any reference to the decapitation and falsely claimed Hen Yan was accompanied by five fellow guerrillas.[52] The Suffolk Regiment killed another leading MNLA guerrilla calledLiew Kon Kim.[53][54]
The Suffolk Regiment Museum is based atGibraltar Barracks inBury St Edmunds.[55]
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:[4]
Victoria Crosses were awarded to the following men of the regiment:
Colonels of the regiment were as follows:[4]
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| Preceded by 12th Regiment of Foot | The Suffolk Regiment 1782–1959 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
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| National | |
