| "Stairway to Heaven" | |
|---|---|
 American radio promotional sleeve | |
| Song byLed Zeppelin | |
| from the albumLed Zeppelin IV | |
| Released | 8 November 1971 (1971-11-08) |
| Recorded | December 1970, January 1971, February 1971[1] |
| Studio | Island Studios, London;Rolling Stones Mobile Studio,Stargroves,East Woodhay, Hampshire;Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio,Headley Grange, Hampshire[1] |
| Genre | |
| Length | 8:02[2] |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Songwriters | |
| Producer | Jimmy Page |
| Audio | |
| "Stairway to Heaven" onYouTube | |
"Stairway to Heaven" is a song by the Englishrock bandLed Zeppelin, released on 8 November 1971 on the band's untitled fourth studio album (commonly known asLed Zeppelin IV), byAtlantic Records. Composed by the band's guitaristJimmy Page with lyrics written by lead singerRobert Plant, it is widely regarded as one of the greatest rock songs of all time.[3][4][5][6][7]
The song has three sections, each one progressively increasing intempo andvolume. The song begins in a slow tempo with acoustic instruments (guitar andrecorders) before introducing electric instruments. The final section is an uptempohard rock arrangement, highlighted by Page's guitar solo and Plant's vocals, which ends with the plaintivea cappella line: "And she's buying a stairway to heaven".
"Stairway to Heaven" was voted number three in 2000 byVH1 on its list of the "100 Greatest Rock Songs",[8] in 2004Rolling Stone magazine ranked "Stairway to Heaven" number 31 on its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list.[9] It was the most-requested song onFM radio stations in the United States at the time, despite never having been commercially released as asingle in the US.[10] In November 2007, throughdownload sales promoting Led Zeppelin'sMothership release, "Stairway to Heaven" reached number 37 on the UK Singles Chart.[11]
The initial idea was to have this quite fragile guitar that would open up this piece of music and for something that would accelerate as it went through from beginning to end. [...] but to actually pull this idea off properly [was a different story]. [...] It's all accelerating, it's all moving. [...] It's not necessarilyorchestrating [...] but it's overdubbing, increasing the texture as it goes through.
The song originated in 1970 when Jimmy Page and Robert Plant were spending time atBron-Yr-Aur, a remote cottage in Wales, following Led Zeppelin'sfifth American concert tour. According to Page, he wrote the music "over a long period, the first part coming at Bron-Yr-Aur one night".[13] Page always kept acassette recorder around, and the idea for "Stairway to Heaven" came together from bits of taped music.[14] The first attempts at lyrics, written by Robert Plant next to an evening log fire atHeadley Grange, were partly spontaneously improvised and Page claimed, "a huge percentage of the lyrics were written there and then".[14] Page was strumming the chords, and Plant had a pencil and paper.
Led Zeppelin began recording "Stairway to Heaven" in December 1970 atIsland Records' newrecording studios on Basing Street in London.[15][16] The song was completed by the addition of lyrics by Plant during the sessions forLed Zeppelin IV at Headley Grange,Hampshire, in 1971.[17] Page then returned to Island Studios to record his guitar solo.[10]
The complete studio recording was released onLed Zeppelin IV in November 1971. The band's record label,Atlantic Records, wanted to issue it as a single, but the band's managerPeter Grant refused requests to do so in both 1972 and 1973. As a result, many people bought the fourth album as if it were the single.[10]
"Stairway to Heaven" is described asprogressive rock,[18][19]folk rock,[20] andhard rock.[20] The song consists of three sections, beginning with a quiet introduction on a finger-picked, six-string acoustic guitar and fourrecorders (ending at 2:15) and gradually moving into a slow electric middle section (2:16–5:33), then a long guitar solo (5:34–6:44), before the fasterhard rock final section (6:45–7:45), ending with a short vocals-only epilogue.[21] Plant sings the opening, middle and epilogue sections in his mid-vocal range; he sings the hard rock section in his higher range, which borders onfalsetto.
Written in the key ofA minor, the song opens with anarpeggiated,finger-picked guitar chord progression with achromatic descending bassline A-G♯-G-F♯-F. Page used aHarmony Sovereign H1260 acoustic guitar and aFender Electric XII 12-string electric guitar played directly into the board for the rhythm parts.[22]John Paul Jones contributed overdubbed four recorders (probablysoprano,alto,tenor, andbass) in the opening section (he used aMellotron and, later, aYamaha CP-70B Grand Piano andYamaha GX1 to synthesise this arrangement in live performances) and aHohner Electra-Pianoelectric piano in the middle section.[23][24]
The sections build with more guitar layers, each complementary to the intro, with the drums entering at 4:18. The extended guitar solo in the song's final section was played for the recording on a1959 Fender Telecaster given to Page byJeff Beck (an instrument he used extensively with theYardbirds) plugged into aSuproamplifier, although in an interview he gave toGuitar World magazine, Page said, "It could have been aMarshall, but I can't remember".[24][25][14] Three improvised solos were recorded, with Page agonising about which to keep. Page later revealed, "I did have the first phrase worked out, and then there was the link phrase. I did check them out beforehand before the tape ran." He has likened the song to an orgasm.[26] The Am–G–F–G chord sequence in the third section of the song, centred onA minor, is typical of a chord progression in theAeolian mode.[27]
According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:[1]
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The inaugural public performance of the song took place atBelfast'sUlster Hall on 5 March 1971.[24] BassistJohn Paul Jones recalls that the crowd was unimpressed: "They were all bored to tears waiting to hear something they knew."[28]
The world radio premiere of "Stairway to Heaven" was recorded at theParis Cinema on 1 April 1971, in front of a live studio audience, and broadcast three days later on theBBC.[29] The song was performed at almost every subsequentLed Zeppelin concert, only being omitted on rare occasions when shows were cut short for curfews or technical issues. The band's final performance of the song was in Berlin on 7 July 1980, which was also their last full-length concert until 10 December 2007 at London'sO2 Arena.[30]
When playing the song live, the band would often extend it to over 10 minutes, with Page playing an extended guitar solo and Plant adding a number of lyrical ad-libs, such as "Does anybody remember laughter?", "And I think you can see that", "wait a minute!" and "I hope so".[citation needed] For performing this song live, Page used aGibson EDS-1275double neck guitar so that he would not have to pause when switching from a six to a12-string guitar, while John Paul Jones used aMellotron to replicate the sound of the woodwind instruments he used on the studio recording.
By 1975, the band was using the song as its finale in concert. However, after theirconcert tour of the United States in 1977, Plant began to tire of "Stairway to Heaven": "There's only so many times you can sing it and mean it...It just became sanctimonious."[31]
The song was played again by the surviving members of Led Zeppelin at theLive Aid concert in 1985;[24] at theAtlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988, withJason Bonham on drums;[32] and by Jimmy Page as an instrumental version on his solo tours.
The first few bars were played alone duringPage and Plant tours in lieu of the final notes of "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You", and in November 1994 Page and Plant performed an acoustic version of the song at a Tokyo news station for Japanese television. "Stairway to Heaven" was also performed atAhmet Ertegun Tribute Concert atthe O2 Arena, London on 10 December 2007.[33]
Plant cites the most unusual performance of the song ever as being that performed at Live Aid: "with two drummers (Phil Collins andTony Thompson) whileDuran Duran cried at the side of the stage – there was something quite surreal about that."[24]
A different version of this song by Led Zeppelin is on the remastered deluxe two-CD version ofLed Zeppelin IV. Titled "Stairway to Heaven(Sunset Sound Mix)", it was recorded on 5 December 1970, at Island Studio, No. 1, in London with engineer Andy Johns and assistant engineer Diggs. This version runs 8:04, two seconds longer than the original version.[34]
"Stairway to Heaven" is often rated among the greatest rock songs of all time.[3][4] Music journalistStephen Davis wrote that the 1971 song ascended to "anthemic" status within two years.[35] Page recalled, "I knew it was good. I didn't know it was going to become like an anthem, but I did know it was the gem of the album, sure."[36]
"Stairway to Heaven" continues to top radio lists of the greatest rock songs, including a 2006Guitar World readers poll of greatest guitar solos.[37] On the 20th anniversary of the original release of the song, it was announced via US radio sources that the song had logged an estimated 2,874,000 radio plays.[10] As of 2000, the song had been broadcast on radio over three million times.[38] In 1990, aTampa Bay, Florida, area station (thenWKRL) kicked off its all-Led Zeppelin format by playing "Stairway to Heaven" for 24 hours straight.[39] It is also the biggest-selling single piece ofsheet music in rock history, with an average of 15,000 copies yearly.[24] In total, over one million copies have been sold.[38]
The band never authorised the song to be edited for single release, despite pressure fromAtlantic Records. Page toldRolling Stone in 1975, "We were careful to never release it as a single",[40] which forced buyers to buy the entire album.[41]
In 2004,Rolling Stone magazine put it at number 31 on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", then number 61 in 2021.[42] On 29 January 2009,Guitar World magazine rated Jimmy Page's guitar solo the best of the publication's 100 Greatest Guitar Solos in Rock and Roll History.[43]
In 2001, the New York City-basedclassic rock radio stationWAXQ conducted a listener survey to create a countdown of 1,043 rock songs (the number corresponding with the station's position on the dial at 104.3 FM). "Stairway to Heaven" garnered the most votes from listeners. WAXQ has conducted the survey annually since then; in each subsequent countdown that has followed, including the most recent in November 2024, "Stairway to Heaven" has been the top-ranked song.[44]
Plant once gave $10,000 to listener-supported radio stationKBOO inPortland, Oregon, during a pledge drive after the disc jockey solicited donations by promising the station would never play "Stairway to Heaven". Plant was station-surfing in a rental car he was driving to theOregon Coast after a solo performance in Portland and was impressed with the non-mainstream music the station presented. When asked later for the reason why, Plant replied that it wasn't that he didn't like the song, but he'd heard it before.[45]
"Stairway to Heaven" was selected by theLibrary of Congress for preservation in theNational Recording Registry in 2023, based on its "cultural, historical or aesthetic importance in the nation's recorded sound heritage."[46][47] That same year,Loudwire reported that the song's lyrics were among the most-searched in the rock genre from January 2019 through July 2023, according to an independent study of data pulled fromGoogle Trends.[48]
Thecarillon in the tower ofFürth's historic town hall plays "Stairway to Heaven" daily at 12:04 pm.[49]
Many beginner guitarists attempt to learn the song. The taboo of playing the song in music shops has been observed in popular media such asWayne's World. Writing forWRKR, Joe Davita called it one of the "10 Worst Guitar Center Songs" and said: "When first learning to play guitar, this song feels like a pipedream, but once you've mastered it, it's like Jimmy Page just handed you a rolled up rock 'n' roll diploma. Trust us, not even your parents want to hear you play it, much less any Guitar Center employee."[50]
Page's opening acoustic guitararpeggios bear a resemblance to the 1968 instrumental "Taurus" by theLos Angeles-based rock bandSpirit, written by Spirit guitaristRandy California.[13][51] In the liner notes to the 1996 reissue ofSpirit's self-titled debut album, California wrote: "People always ask me why 'Stairway to Heaven' sounds exactly like 'Taurus', which was released two years earlier. I know Led Zeppelin also played 'Fresh Garbage' in their live set. They opened up for us on theirfirst American tour."[52][53]
In May 2014, Spirit bassistMark Andes and a trust acting on behalf of California filed acopyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin and injunction against the "release of the album containing the song" in an attempt to obtain a writing credit for California, who died in 1997.[54] A lack of resources was cited as one of the reasons that Spirit did not file the suit earlier; according to a friend of California's mother, "Nobody had any money, and they thought thestatute of limitations was done ... It will be nice if Randy got the credit." If the Spirit lawsuit had been successful, past earnings due to the song—estimated at more than US$550 million—would not have been part of the settlement, but the publisher and composers might have been entitled to a share of future profits.[55][56]
On 11 April 2016, Los Angeles district judge Gary Klausner ruled that there were enough similarities between the song and the instrumental for a jury to decide the claim, and a trial was scheduled for 10 May. The copyright infringement action was brought by Michael Skidmore, a trustee for the late guitarist, whose legal name was Randy Wolfe.[57] On 23 June, the jury ruled that the similarities between the songs did not amount to copyright infringement.[58] In July, Skidmore's attorney filed a notice of appeal against the court's decision.[59][60][61] In March 2017, the verdict was appealed, with a main argument being that the jury should have been able to hear a recorded version of "Taurus".[62][63] On 28 September 2018, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit allowed the appeal, vacating in part and remanding to the U.S. District Court for theCentral District of California for a new trial on several evidentiary and procedural issues.[64] On 10 June 2019, the Ninth Circuit granted rehearingen banc, meaning the case would be reheard by a larger panel of eleven judges.[65][66]
ABloomberg Businessweek article shortly after that decision noted that a Ninth Circuit judge's interpretation of the laws implied that key elements of many classic rock songs, including "Stairway to Heaven", that were recorded prior to 1978 were not protected by copyright to begin with. The panel declared that the scope of copyright for those songs is limited to what was included in thedeposit copy of the song's sheet music provided to theCopyright Office; at trial Page had testified that the deposit copy included neither the intro that was under dispute nor his guitar solo.Bloomberg reporter Vernon Silver found that the deposit copies of other classic rock songs from that era, such as "Hotel California", "Born to Run" and "Free Bird", include only the song's basic chords, lyrics and melody, without any solos or other distinctive musical touches. Copyright law experts could not say whether those elements are copyrighted or not; Led Zeppelin's lawyers have argued they are even if not included in the deposit copy. Silver made an electronicmashup of several of these elements from different songs and included it with the article.[67]
On 9 March 2020, theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco, California, ruled in favour of Led Zeppelin, in that "Stairway to Heaven" does not infringe on the copyright of "Taurus". The full Ninth Circuit used their decision to overturn the controversial "inverse ratio rule" upon which it had relied over the past several decades in past copyright rulings, stating "Because the inverse ratio rule, which is not part of the copyright statute, defies logic, and creates uncertainty for the courts and the parties, we take this opportunity to abrogate the rule in the Ninth Circuit and overrule our prior cases to the contrary."[68][69] This verdict immediately applied to pending cases within the Ninth: a long battle overKaty Perry's "Dark Horse" in which a jury had found against her forUS$2.8 million was overturned a week after the Ninth's verdict in "Stairway to Heaven", in part of the Ninth's new finding and that in the case of "Dark Horse", the similarity argument weighed heavily on the inverse ratio rule.[70] On 5 October, theSupreme Court of the United States denied to grantcertiorari to Andes and the trust, leaving the Ninth Circuit's ruling in place in favour of Led Zeppelin.[71] The court's decision precludes further appeals, thus ending the copyright dispute.[72]
In a January 1982 broadcast of theTrinity Broadcasting Network television programPraise the Lord hosted byPaul Crouch, it was claimed that hidden messages were contained in many popular rock songs through a technique calledbackmasking. One example of such hidden messages that was prominently cited was in "Stairway to Heaven".[73] The alleged message, which occurs during the middle section of the song ("If there's a bustle in your hedgerow, don't be alarmed now...") when played backward, was purported to contain the Satanic references: "Here's to my sweet Satan / The one whose little path would make me sad whose power is Satan, / He'll give you, he'll give you 666 / There was a little tool shed where he made us suffer, sad Satan."[74]
Following the claims made in the television program, California assemblymanPhil Wyman proposed a state law that would require warning labels on records containing backmasking. In April 1982, the Consumer Protection and Toxic Materials Committee of theCalifornia State Assembly held a hearing on backmasking in popular music, during which "Stairway to Heaven" was played backward and self-described "neuroscientific researcher" William Yarroll claimed that the human brain could decipher backward messages.[75]
The band itself has mostly ignored such claims.Swan Song Records responded to the allegations by stating: "Our turntables only play in one direction—forwards." Led Zeppelin audio engineerEddie Kramer called the allegations "totally and utterly ridiculous. Why would they want to spend so much studio time doing something so dumb?"[76]Robert Plant expressed frustration with the accusations in a 1983 interview inMusician magazine: "To me it's very sad, because 'Stairway to Heaven' was written with every best intention, and as far as reversing tapes and putting messages on the end, that's not my idea of making music."[77]
| Publication | Country | Accolade | Year | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | US | "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll"[78] | 1994 | * |
| Classic Rock | UK | "Ten of the Best Songs Ever!"[79] | 1999 | 1 |
| VH1 | US | "The 100 Greatest Rock Songs of All Time"[80] | 2000 | 3 |
| RIAA | US | "Songs of the Century"[81] | 2001 | 53 |
| Grammy Awards | US | "Grammy Hall of Fame Award"[82] | 2003 | * |
| Rolling Stone | US | "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"[83] | 2004 | 31 |
| Rolling Stone | US | "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"[42] | 2021 | 61 |
| Q | UK | "100 Songs That Changed the World"[84] | 2003 | 47 |
| Toby Creswell | Australia | "1001 Songs: the Great Songs of All Time"[85] | 2005 | * |
| Q | UK | "100 Greatest Songs of All Time"[86] | 2006 | 8 |
| Guitar World | US | "100 Greatest Guitar Solos"[87] | 2006 | 1 |
| Rolling Stone | US | "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time"[88] | 2008 | 8 |
(*) designates unordered lists.
| Chart (2007–10) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| CanadianBillboard Hot Digital Singles Chart[89] | 17 |
| EUBillboard Hot 100 Singles Chart[89] | 79 |
| Germany (GfK)[90] | 15 |
| Irish Singles Chart[91] | 24 |
| New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart[92] | 13 |
| Norwegian Singles Chart[93] | 5 |
| Portuguese Singles Chart[89] | 8 |
| Swedish Singles Chart[94] | 57 |
| Swiss Singles Chart[95] | 17 |
| UK Singles Chart[96] | 37 |
| USBillboard Hot Digital Songs Chart[97] | 30 |
| USBillboard Hot Singles Recurrents Chart[89] | 16 |
Note: The officialUK Singles Chart incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[98] | Platinum | 90,000‡ |
| Italy (FIMI)[99] sales since 2009 | 2× Platinum | 100,000‡ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ)[100] | 4× Platinum | 120,000‡ |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE)[101] | Platinum | 60,000‡ |
| United Kingdom (BPI)[102] 2000 release | 2× Platinum | 1,200,000‡ |
| United States digital sales | — | 1,700,000[103] |
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. | ||
{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)The prog-rock epic is one of three Led Zep songs to make it into the top ten in a listeners' poll conducted by radio station Absolute Classic Rock.
He's often used sexual imagery to describe the song and it's no different today: 'It's like an orgasm at the end. It's whatever you want it to be.'
Finally, we'll revisit a 2002 interview, in which Plant tells one of his funniest stories — it involves pledging to a Portland public radio station so it would never again play "Stairway to Heaven."
The final possible legal challenge to Led Zeppelin's ownership of Stairway To Heaven has been defeated
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
