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| Southern Malaysia Hokkien | |
|---|---|
| 南马福建话 Lâm-Má Hok-kiàn-oē(POJ) | |
| Native to | SouthernMalaysia |
| Region | Johor,Malacca,CoastalSelangor |
Early forms | |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nan forSouthern Min /Min Nan which encompasses a variety of Hokkien dialects including "inMalaysia, most notably in and aroundKuching,Muar,Klang".[4] |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jek |
Southern Malaysian Hokkien (simplified Chinese:南马福建话;traditional Chinese:南馬福建話;pinyin:Nán Mǎ Fújiànhuà;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Lâm-Má Hok-kiàn-oē) is a local variant of theMin NanChinese variety spoken in Central and Southern Peninsular Malaysia (Klang,Melaka,Muar,Tangkak,Segamat,Batu Pahat,Pontian andJohor Bahru). Due to geographical proximity, it is heavily influenced bySingaporean Hokkien.
This dialect is based onQuanzhou-accented varieties of Min Nan, including theEng Choon (Yongchun) dialect.[5][6] It is markedly distinct fromPenang Hokkien andMedan Hokkien, which are based on theZhangzhou dialects.
Similar to the situation in Singapore, the termHokkien is generally used by theChinese in South-east Asia to refer toMin Nan Chinese (闽南语). Southern Malaysian Hokkien is based on theQuanzhou dialects with some influence from theAmoy dialect. The dialect also contains loan words from Malay.
This section is based on Eng Choon (Yongchun) Hokkien spoken inMelaka.[7][8]
There are eight phonemic vowels:[6]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə̠ | ||
| Open-mid | ɔ | ||
| Open | a |
There are seven tones, five of which are long tones and two are checked tones.[5] Like other varieties of Hokkien, these tones also undergotone sandhi in non-final positions.[5] The tone values (both base tones and sandhi tones) of the long tones are shown below:[9]
| Tone number | Final/base tone | Non-final/sandhi tone |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ˧ (33) | ˧ (33) |
| 2 | ˨˧ (23) | ˨˩ (21) |
| 3 | ˥˨ (52) | ˧˦ (34) |
| 5 | ˨˩ (21) | ˥˧ (53) |
| 6 | ˨˩ (21) | ˨˩ (21) |
Southern Malaysian Hokkien is also subjected to influence from various languages or dialects spoken in Malaysia. This is influenced to a certain degree by theTeochew dialect and is sometimes being regarded to be a combined Hokkien–Teochew speech (especially inMuar,Batu Pahat,Pontian andJohor Bahru).[citation needed]
There are someloanwords fromMalay, but they are fewer in number than inPenang Hokkien and do not completely replace the original words in Hokkien.[10] For example, unlike Penang Hokkien that has loanwords for "rock" that is borrowed from Malay's "batu", Southern Malaysian Hokkien uses Chinese word 石頭 (chioh-thau) for "rock". Southern Malaysian Hokkien also hasloanwords fromEnglish.[citation needed]
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
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| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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