Solaris won theGrand Prix Spécial du Jury at the1972 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for thePalme d'Or.[4] It received critical acclaim, and is often cited as one of the greatest science fiction films in the history of cinema.[5][6] The film was Tarkovsky's attempt to bring greater emotional depth to science fiction films; he viewed most Western works in the genre, including the recently released2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), as shallow due to their focus on technological innovation.[7] Some of the ideas Tarkovsky expresses in this film are further developed in his filmStalker (1979).[8]
Psychologist Kris Kelvin is about to be sent on aninterstellar journey to evaluate whether a decades-oldspace station, positioned over the oceanic planet Solaris, should continue its research. He spends his last day on Earth with his elderly father and a retired pilot named Burton. Years earlier, Burton had been part of an exploratory team at Solaris but was recalled when he described strange happenings, including seeing a four-meter-tall child on the surface of the water on the planet. A panel of scientists and military personnel dismissed these visions as hallucinations, but now that the remaining crew members are making similarly strange reports, Kelvin's skills are needed. After leaving the house, Burton tells Kelvin that he recognized the child's face as that of one who was orphaned due to the disappearance of one of the Solaris explorers.
Upon his arrival at the Solaris research station, he finds it in disarray. He soon learns that his friend among the scientists, Dr. Gibarian, has killed himself. The two surviving crewmen—Snaut and Sartorius—are erratic. Kelvin also catches fleeting glimpses of others aboard the station who were not part of the original crew. He finds that Gibarian left him a rambling, cryptic farewell video message, warning him about the strange things happening at the station. The video shows two appearances of a little girl who should not be aboard the station, with Gibarian asking Kelvin if he has seen her and insisting he is not insane, and should strange things happen to Kelvin, it will not be Kelvin having gone insane.
After a fitful sleep, Kelvin is shocked to find Hari, his wife who died ten years earlier, sitting in his sleeping quarters. She is unaware of how she got there. Terrified by her presence, Kelvin launches the replica of his wife into outer space. Snaut explains that the "visitors" or "guests" began appearing after the scientists conducted radiation experiments, directingX-rays at the swirling surface of the planet in a desperate attempt to understand its nature.
That evening, Hari reappears in Kelvin's quarters. This time, he calmly accepts her and they fall asleep together in an embrace. Hari panics when Kelvin briefly leaves her alone in the room, and injures herself attempting to escape. But before Kelvin can give first aid, her injuries spontaneously heal before his eyes. Sartorius and Snaut explain to Kelvin that Solaris created Hari from his memories of her. The Hari present among them, though not human, thinks and feels as though she were. Sartorius theorizes that the visitors, also called "guests", are not composed of atoms like regular humans, but are made of neutrinos, and that it might still be possible to destroy them through use of a device known as "the annihilator". Later, Snaut proposes beaming Kelvin'sbrainwave patterns at Solaris in hopes that it will understand them and stop the disturbing apparitions.
In time, Hari becomes more human and independent and is able to exist away from Kelvin's presence without panicking. She learns from Sartorius that the original Hari had taken her own life ten years earlier. Sartorius, Snaut, Kelvin and Hari gather together for a birthday party, which evolves into a philosophical argument, during which Sartorius reminds Hari that she is not real. Distressed, Hari kills herself again by drinkingliquid oxygen, only to painfully resurrect after a few minutes. On the surface of Solaris, the ocean begins to swirl faster into a funnel.
Kelvin falls ill and goes to sleep. He dreams of his mother as a young woman, washing away dirt or scabs from his arm. When he awakens, Hari is gone; Snaut reads her farewell note, in which she explains how she petitioned the two scientists to destroy her. Snaut then tells Kelvin that since they have broadcast Kelvin's brainwaves into Solaris, the visitors have stopped appearing and islands have started forming on the planet's surface. Kelvin debates whether to return to Earth or remain on the station.
Kelvin appears to be at the family home seen at the beginning of the film. He sinks to his knees and embraces his father. The camera slowly cranes away to reveal that they are on a Solaris island.
In 1968 the director Andrei Tarkovsky had several motives for cinematically adaptingStanisław Lem's science fiction novelSolaris (1961). First, he admired Lem's work. Second, he needed work and money, because his previous film,Andrei Rublev (1966), had gone unreleased, and his screenplayA White, White Day had been rejected (in 1975, it was realised asMirror). A film of a novel by Lem, a popular and critically respected writer in theUSSR, was a logical commercial and artistic choice.[10] Another inspiration was Tarkovsky's desire to bring emotional depth to thescience fiction genre, which he regarded as shallow due to its attention to technological invention; in a 1970 interview, he singled outStanley Kubrick's 1968 film2001: A Space Odyssey as "phoney on many points" and "a lifeless schema with only pretensions to truth".[11]
Tarkovsky and Lem collaborated and remained in communication about the adaptation. WithFriedrich Gorenstein, Tarkovsky co-wrote the first screenplay in the summer of 1969; two-thirds of it occurred on Earth. TheMosfilm committee disliked it, and Lem became furious over the drastic alteration of his novel. The final screenplay yielded the shooting script, which has less action on Earth and deletes Kelvin's marriage to his second wife, Maria, from the story.[10] In the novel Lem describes science's inadequacy in allowing humans to communicate with an alien life form, because certain forms, at least, of sentientextra-terrestrial life may operate well outside of human experience and understanding. In the movie, Tarkovsky concentrates on Kelvin's feelings for his wife, Hari, and the impact ofouter space exploration on thehuman condition. Dr. Gibarian's monologue (from the novel's sixth chapter) is the highlight of the final library scene, wherein Snaut says: "We don't need other worlds. We need mirrors". Unlike the novel, which begins with Kelvin'sspaceflight and takes place entirely on Solaris, the film shows Kelvin's visit to his parents' house in the country before leaving Earth. The contrast establishes the worlds in which he lives – a vibrant Earth versus an austere, closed-in space station orbiting Solaris – demonstrating and questioning space exploration's impact on the human psyche.[12]
The film references Tarkovsky's 1966 filmAndrei Rublev, as an icon byAndrei Rublev is present in Kelvin's room.[14] It is the second of a series of three films referencing Rublev, the last being Tarkovsky's next filmMirror, which was released in 1975 and referencesAndrei Rublev by having a poster of the film hung on a wall.[15]
Tarkovsky initially wanted his ex-wife,Irma Raush, to play Hari, but after meeting actressBibi Andersson in June 1970 decided that she was better for the role. Wishing to work with Tarkovsky, Andersson agreed to be paid inroubles. Ultimately,Natalya Bondarchuk, whom Tarkovsky met when they were students at theState Institute of Cinematography, was cast as Hari; Bondarchuk had introduced the novelSolaris to him. Tarkovsky auditioned Bondarchuk in 1970 but decided she was too young for the part. Tarkovsky instead recommended Bondarchuk to directorLarisa Shepitko, who cast her inYou and Me (1971). Half a year later, Tarkovsky screenedYou and Me and was so impressed by her performance that he decided to cast Bondarchuk as Hari.[16]
Tarkovsky cast Lithuanian actorDonatas Banionis as Kelvin, the Estonian actorJüri Järvet as Snaut, the Russian actorAnatoly Solonitsyn as Sartorius, the Ukrainian actorNikolai Grinko as Kelvin's father, and the Russian actressOlga Barnet as Kelvin's mother. Tarkovsky had already worked with Solonitsyn, who played Andrei Rublev, and with Grinko, who appeared inAndrei Rublev andIvan's Childhood (1962). Tarkovsky thought Solonitsyn and Grinko would need extra directorial assistance.[17] After filming was almost completed, Tarkovsky ranked the actors and performances thusly: Bondarchuk, Järvet, Solonitsyn, Banionis, Dvorzhetsky, and Grinko; he also wrote in his diary that "Natalya B. has outshone everybody".[18]
In the summer of 1970 theState Committee for Cinematography (Goskino SSSR) authorized the production ofSolaris, with a length of 4,000 metres (13,123 ft), equivalent to a two-hour-twenty-minute running time. The exteriors were photographed atZvenigorod, near Moscow; the interiors were photographed at theMosfilm studios. The scenes of space pilot Burton driving through a city were photographed in September and October 1971 atAkasaka and Iikura in Tokyo. The original plan was to film futuristic structures at the WorldExpo '70, but the trip was delayed. The shooting began in March 1971 with cinematographerVadim Yusov, who also photographed Tarkovsky's previous films. They quarreled so much on this film that they never worked together again.[19][20]Eastman Kodak color film was used to shoot the color scenes, though it had to be specially procured for the production as it was not widely available in the Soviet Union.[21] The first version ofSolaris was completed in December 1971.
Solaris locale:Akasaka, Tokyo, the future city that space pilot Henri Berton traverses in his car
The Solaris ocean was created withacetone,aluminium powder, and dyes.[22]Mikhail Romadin designed the space station as lived-in, beat-up and decrepit rather than shiny, neat and futuristic. The designer and director consulted with scientist andaerospace engineer Lupichev, who lent them a 1960s-eramainframe computer for set decoration. For some of the sequences, Romadin designed a mirror room that enabled Yusov to hide within a mirrored sphere so as to be invisible in the finished film.Akira Kurosawa, who visited theMosfilm studios during filming, expressed admiration for the space station design.[23]
In January 1972 the State Committee for Cinematography requested editorial changes before releasingSolaris. Requests included a morerealistic film with a clearer image of the future and deletion of allusions to God and Christianity. Tarkovsky successfully resisted such major changes, and after a few minor editsSolaris was approved for release in March 1972.[24]
The soundtrack ofSolaris featuresJohann Sebastian Bach's chorale prelude for organIch ruf' zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 639, played byLeonid Roizman [ru], and an electronic score byEduard Artemyev. The prelude is the central musical theme. Tarkovsky initially wanted the film to be devoid of music and asked Artemyev to orchestrate ambient sounds as the score; the latter proposed subtly introducing orchestral music. The classical music used for Earth's theme stands in counterpoint to the fluidelectronic music used as the theme for the planet Solaris. The character Hari has her own subtheme, acantus firmus based on Bach's music featuring Artemyev's music atop it; it is heard at Hari's death and at the story's end.[13]
Solaris premiered at the1972 Cannes Film Festival, where it won theGrand Prix Spécial du Jury and was nominated for thePalme d'Or. In the USSR, the film premiered in theMir film theater in Moscow on February 5, 1973. Tarkovsky did not consider theMir cinema the best projection venue.[25] The film sold 10.5 million tickets.[26]
Unlike the vast majority of commercial and ideological films in the 1970s,Solaris screened in the USSR in alimited run for 15 years.[27]Solaris premiered later in theEastern Bloc and in the West. Upon exhibition in the United States, the film, truncated by 30 minutes, premiered at theZiegfeld Theatre in New York City on October 6, 1976.[28]
Film criticRoger Ebert reviewed the 1976 release forThe Chicago Sun-Times, giving three out of four stars and writing, "Solaris isn't a fast-moving action picture; it's a thoughtful, deep, sensitive movie that uses the freedom of science fiction to examine human nature. It starts slow, but once you get involved, it grows on you.'[29] Ebert addedSolaris to hisGreat Movies list in 2003, saying he had initially "balked" at its length and pacing but later came to admire Tarkovsky's goals. "No director makes greater demands on our patience. Yet his admirers are passionate and they have reason for their feelings: Tarkovsky consciously tried to create art that was great and deep. He held to a romantic view of the individual able to transform reality through his own spiritual and philosophical strength."[29] Ebert later compared the 2011 filmAnother Earth toSolaris, writing thatAnother Earth "is as thought-provoking, in a less profound way, as Tarkovsky'sSolaris, another film about a sort of parallel Earth".[30] Ebert andJonathan Rosenbaum also notedSolaris's influence on the 1997 filmEvent Horizon.[31][32]
Since garnering further acclaim, the film has a rating of 92% onRotten Tomatoes based on 66 reviews, with an average rating of 8.90/10. The consensus states: "Solaris is a haunting, meditative film that uses sci-fi to raise complex questions about humanity and existence."[33] It has a score of 93 out of 100 onMetacritic, based on eight critics.[34] In 2018, the film ranked 57th on theBBC's list of the 100 greatest foreign-language films, as voted on by 209 film critics from 43 countries.[35] A list of "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema"Empire magazine compiled in 2010 ranked Tarkovsky'sSolaris at No. 68.[36]
Salman Rushdie has calledSolaris "a sci-fi masterpiece", adding, "This exploration of the unreliability of reality and the power of the human unconscious, this great examination of the limits of rationalism and the perverse power of even the most ill-fated love, needs to be seen as widely as possible before it's transformed by Steven Soderbergh and James Cameron into what they ludicrously threaten will be2001 meetsLast Tango in Paris. What, sex in space with floating butter? Tarkovsky must be turning over in his grave."[37] In her 1997 article "Identifying Fears", M. Galina calledSolaris "one of the biggest events in Soviet science fiction cinema" and one of few that do not now seem anachronistic.[38] Japanese filmmakerAkira Kurosawa citedSolaris as one of his favorite films.[39][40][41]Adam Curtis' documentary filmBitter Lake (2015) features scenes fromSolaris.[42] Its influence onChristopher Nolan'sInception (2010) was noted.[43][44]
Although Lem worked with Tarkovsky andFriedrich Gorenstein to develop the screenplay, he maintained he "never really liked Tarkovsky's version" of his novel.[45] Tarkovsky wanted a film based on the novel but artistically independent of it, while Lem opposed any divergence of the screenplay from the novel. Lem went as far as to say that Tarkovsky madeCrime and Punishment rather thanSolaris, omittingepistemological andcognitive aspects of his book.[46] But Lem also said in an interview that he had only seen part of the finale, much later, after Tarkovsky's death.[47] Tarkovsky claimed that Lem did not fully appreciate cinema and expected the film to merely illustrate the novel without creating an original cinematic piece; Tarkovsky's film is about the inner lives of its characters while Lem's novel is about the conflicts of man's condition in nature and the nature of man in the universe. For Tarkovsky, Lem's exposition of that existential conflict was the starting point for depicting the characters' inner lives.[48] In the autobiographical documentaryVoyage in Time (1983), Tarkovsky says he viewedSolaris as an artistic failure because it did not transcend genre as he believed his filmStalker (1979) did, due to the required technological dialogue and special effects.[49]
In an example of life imitating art, Bondarchuk revealed in a 2010 interview that she fell in love with Tarkovsky while filmingSolaris and, after their relationship ended, became suicidal. She said her decision was partly influenced by her role.[50]
Solaris was released onLaserDisc in Japan in 1986.[51] On May 24, 2011,The Criterion Collection released it onBlu-ray Disc.[7][52] The most noticeable difference from the previous 2002 Criterion DVD release[53] was that the blue and white tinted monochrome scenes from the film were restored.[54]
^Tarkovsky, Andrei; transl. by Kitty Hunter-Blair (1991).Time Within Time: The Diaries 1970–1986. Calcutta:Seagull Books. pp. 5–6 (June 13, June 15 & July 11, 1970).ISBN81-7046-083-2.
^Tarkovsky, Andrei; transl. by Kitty Hunter-Blair (1991).Time Within Time: The Diaries 1970–1986. Calcutta:Seagull Books. pp. 44–45 (December 4, 1970).ISBN81-7046-083-2.
^Tarkovsky, Andrei; transl. by Kitty Hunter-Blair (1991).Time Within Time: The Diaries 1970–1986. Calcutta:Seagull Books. pp. 38–39 (July 12 & August 10, 1970).ISBN81-7046-083-2.
^Misek, Richard (2007). "'Last of the Kodak': Andrei Tarkovsky's Struggle With Colour". In Everett, Wendy (ed.).Questions of Colour in Cinema: From Paintbrush to Pixel. New Studies in European Cinema. Peter Lang. pp. 161–168.ISBN978-3-03911-353-8.
^Tarkovsky, Andrei; transl. by Kitty Hunter-Blair (1991).Time Within Time: The Diaries 1970–1986. Calcutta:Seagull Books. pp. 49–55 (January 12 & March 31, 1972).ISBN81-7046-083-2.
^Tarkovsky, Andrei; translated by Kitty Hunter-Blair (1991).Time Within Time: The Diaries 1970–1986. Calcutta: Seagull Books. pp. 67–70 (January 29, 1973).ISBN81-7046-083-2.
^Segida, Miroslava; Sergei Zemlianukhin (1996).Domashniaia sinemateka: Otechestvennoe kino 1918–1996 (in Russian). Dubl-D.
^Thorsten Bothz-Bornstein "The Movie as a Thinking Machine", In:Inception and Philosophy: Ideas to Die for, 2011,ISBN0812697332,p.205
^Lem, Stanisław."Solaris". Archived fromthe original on December 7, 2018. RetrievedJanuary 14, 2008.
^S.Beres'. Rozmowy ze Stanislawem Lemem, Krakow, WL, 1987, s.133–135.
^Andrej Tarkovskij: Klassiker – Классик – Classic – Classico: Beiträge zum internationalen Tarkovskij-Symposium an der Universität Potsdam; Band 1, 2016,ISBN3869563516,p. 60.
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