| Siege of Nijmegen (1591) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theEighty Years' War & theAnglo–Spanish War &Maurice's campaign of 1591 | |||||||
_door_Prins_Maurits_-_The_siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)_by_Prince_Maurice.jpg) The siege of Nijmegen in 1591 – engraving byPieter Bast | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Dutch Republic England |  Spanish Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Maurice of OrangeFrancis Vere | Derrick Vlemminck | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 10,000[1] | 400[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Low | 300 surrendered[1] | ||||||
Thesiege of Nijmegen was a military engagement during theEighty Years' War and theAnglo–Spanish War which took place from 17 to 21 October 1591. The Spanish garrison inNijmegen was besieged by a Dutch and English force underMaurice of Nassau andFrancis Vere respectively and surrendered soon.[3]
Nijmegen located at the confluence of theWaal andRhine rivers was strategically important to the defence of the Dutch provinces and theElectorate of Cologne. On the night of 10 August 1589 during theCologne War, mercenary troops underMartin Schenck von Nydeggen attempted an assault on Nijmegen which held a small garrison. The attack failed - Schenck with nearly 150 of his men subsequently drowned in the river.[4]
A year after Schenk’s failure the States army under Maurice of Nassau, reinforced with English troops under Francis Vere, achieved many victories. Starting off with thecapture of Breda in 1590 this was followed by the capture ofZutphen,Deventer,Delfzijl andHulst the next year.[5]
On the north bank of Nijmegen was the outlying fortification of Knodsenburg, a highly strategic position overlooking the city which was built by the Dutch and was then garrisoned. On July 15Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma reinforced Nijmegen and besieged the fort in order to thwart an Anglo-Dutch attempt to besiege the city. Under the direction of Maurice however theydefeated Parma and forced his retreat ten days later.[3] Parma was then sent byPhilip II of Spain to France to fight theHuguenot war againstHenry IV of France. As a result, Nijmegen was greatly weakened, and Maurice with the Anglo-Dutch decided to strike there in the autumn.[6]
On October 16 Maurice and his force bridged the deep, wide, and rapid river Waal and had transported 8,500 infantry and sixteen companies of cavalry to the southern side and surrounded the city the next day.[7] His army was composed of 26 English and Scots companies under Vere.[8] There were alsoFrisian soldiers ofWilliam Louis, a nephew of Maurice. Inside Nijmegen, the small Spanish garrison was composed of less than 400 soldiers under the command of the cityburgher Derrick Vlemminck.[7]
Maurice in the meantime had built up the fort at Knodsenburg, allowing him to bombard the city from there but was unable to convince a surrender; so a closer siege was needed.[1]
The English and Scots under Francis Vere were employed in several attacks on the outskirts which resulted in the capture of all the outlyingsconces.[8] There the Anglo-Dutch force had entrenched their camp and made approaches towards the city. This was made easier for the besiegers in that the water level of the Waal was low.[2] They had got 68 pieces of artillery into three positions commanding the weakest part of the defences of the city between two positions known as the Falcon Tower and the Hoender gate. At Knodsenburg the batteries being on a high position were pounding the city from across the river. The spire ofSt. Stephen's Church was destroyed by the shelling and also a large number of buildings in the city were destroyed.[2]
On October 20 Maurice sent a demand to the besieged to surrender the city but his reply was rebuffed. The besiegers then opened all of their batteries without further delay in a heavy bombardment.[7]
Within a few days however the city decided to negotiate with Maurice about a possible surrender. The result of this came from a disagreement between the citiesburghers and the Spanish garrison.[9]
The city had set a number of conditions but Maurice did not accept these except for an absolute pardon. This was eventually agreed and thus 300 men surrendered and were given the honours of war. The terms of the surrender were similar to those accorded to Zutphen and Deventer.[7] He also replaced the Catholic councillors with Protestant ones and the practice of the Catholic faith was no longer allowed in Nijmegen. To make his intentions sincere, theGrote Markt was burned on May 21, 1592 since it contained many Catholic images.[2]
Another important city had been added to the domains of the republic and as part of theUnion of Utrecht.Queen Elizabeth I wrote to congratulate Maurice on his great successes and even the Spaniards began to recognise the merits of his achievements.[7] Maurice continued on the offensive and in a stunning campaign the following year hetook Steenwijk in July and didn't stop untilGroningenwas captured in 1594 by which time all of theDrenthe region had been conquered.[10]