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 Amestiza de sangley,c. 1875 | |
| Languages | |
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| Philippine Spanish,Tagalog (Filipino),Philippine Hokkien,Cantonese,Taishanese,Cebuano,Ilocano,Hiligaynon/Ilonggo,Philippine English,Waray-Waray,Bicolano,Kapampangan,Pangasinense,Maranao,Tausug,Maguindanaon,Chavacano,Kinaray-a,Surigaonon and otherChinese andPhilippine languages | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chinese Filipinos,Filipino mestizos |
Sangley (English plural:Sangleys; Spanish plural:Sangleyes) andMestizo de Sangley (Sangley mestizo,mestisong Sangley,chino mestizo orChinese mestizo) are archaic terms used in thePhilippines during theSpanish colonial era to describe respectively a person of pureoverseas Chinese ancestry as well as a person of mixedChinese andnative Filipino[1] orSpanish ancestry. The Sangley Chinese were ancestors to both modernChinese Filipinos and modernFilipino mestizo descendants of theMestizos de Sangley, also known as Chinese mestizos, which are mixed descendants of Sangley Chinese and native Filipinos. Chinese mestizos weremestizos (mixed peoples) in theSpanish Empire, classified together with otherFilipino mestizos.
The Spanish had such categories as indios (Spanish:indio,lit. 'Indian' fornatives of theEast Indies),mestizos de Español (descendants of colonial ethnic Spanish and native-born Filipinos), thetornatrás (Spanish-Chinese mestizos, descendants of colonialSpanish Filipinos and Sangley Chinese), themestizos de Bombay (Indian mestizos, descendants of colonialIndian Filipinos and native Filipinos),mestizos de japoneses (Japanese mestizos, descendants of colonialJapanese Filipinos and native Filipinos), etc.
Overseas Chinese entered the Philippines as traders prior to Spanish colonization. Many emigrated to the Philippines, establishing concentrated communities first inManila and throughout the island ofLuzon, then in other cities and settlements throughout the archipelago, historically going fromLuzon toVisayas andMindanao.
OtherFilipino terms that refer toethnic Chinese or Filipinos with Chinese ancestry:
There are multiple versions of the interpretation on the wordSangley, especially as it is also used in historical place names such asPunta Sangley (Sangley Point), the northern promontory point and formerUS naval base headquarters in theCavite Peninsula. Generally, Sangley is usually believed or purported to literally mean "merchant traveler" or "frequent visitor."[5] According to Go Bon Juan, the most commonly accepted version is usually that the term "sangley" comes from theHokkienChinese:生理;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Seng-lí ,IPA: /ɕiɪŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/;lit. 'business', which is consistent with the business background of the early Chinese in the Philippines.[6] According to Saul Hofileña Jr on the history ofSangley Point, the name supposedly derived from 'xiangli, a Chinese word for 'trader', which became "sangley" to theSpaniards.[7] According to Go Bon Juan, Hofileña had apparently based this on the pronunciation of the word "trader" inChinese:商旅;pinyin:shānglǚ;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:siang-lú / siang-lír / siang-lí;lit. 'traveling merchant', which Go Bon Juan considered "a rather literal term uncommon among early Chinese in the Philippines",[6] althoughHokkienChinese:商旅;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:siang-lú is indeed recorded in theDictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642) that theDominicanSpanish friars recorded before in Manila as one of the terms listed asSpanish:mercader,lit. 'merchant'. Another cited possible etymon is theHokkienChinese:常來;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:siâng lâi;lit. 'frequently comes', which appeared beside "Sangley" labeled in theBoxer Codex (circa 1590s),[6]Dasmariñas record to theKing of Spain, which also contains the probable earliest romanization of Japan as "Iapon." It is said that the lateWilliam Henry Scott, an authority onPhilippine history, had seen this picture and supported this version.[6] Additionally, theBocabulario de la lengua sangleya por las letraz de el A.B.C. (1617) also offers two explanations, it also givesHokkienChinese:常來;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:siâng lâi explaining it as"he who comes very often" andHokkienChinese:商來;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:siang lâi which it explains as "those who come to trade" which theBocabulario however prefers the latter.[8] InWenceslao Retana'sDiccionario de filipinismos (1921), the entry forSangley was also recorded before as (sic):[9]
Sangley (del chinoxiang-lay, mercader.) adj. Nombre que en lo antiguo se dio en Filipinas a los mercaderes chinos, y que luego se hizo genérico de los de esta raza residentes en aquellas islas
Sangley (from Chinesexiang-lay, merchant.) adj. Name that in ancient times was given in the Philippines to Chinese merchants, and that later became generic to those of this race residing in those islands.
— Wenceslao E. Retaña, Diccionario de filipinismos, con la revisión de lo que al respecto lleva publicado la Real academia española (1921)
SpanishGovernor-GeneralFrancisco de Sande also notes in hisRelacion y Descripciones de las Islas Filipinas ("Relation and Description of the Filipinas Islands", 1576) as per Manuel (1948):[10]
Throughout these islands they call the Chinese 'Sangleyes', meaning 'a people who come and go,' on account of their habit of coming annually to these islands to trade, or, as they say there, 'the regular port'.
— Francisco de Sande, Relacion y Descripciones de las Islas Filipinas ("Relation and Description of the Filipinas Islands", circa 1576)
The majority of Chinese sojourners, traders, and settlers in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period came from southern Fujian and spoke Hokkien, leaving their mark on Filipino culture (especially thecuisine). Althoughmestizo de sangley literally means "mixed-race (person) of business," it implies a "mixed-race (person) of Chinese and indigenous/Indio (Filipino) descent" because many early Chinese immigrants were traders and intermixed with the local population. Outside the Philippines, the Spanish wordmestizo (without the qualifyingde sangley) is normally used to refer to persons of mixed European and non-European ancestry, but the lower number of European mestizos in the Philippines made the termmestizo come to meanmestizo de sangley. For example, Benito Legarda used this definition when talking to theUnited States Philippine Commission (1899–1900), citingWenceslao Retana'sDiccionario de filipinismos (1921).[11] The termchino mestizo was also used interchangeably withmestizo de sangley.
In 16th to 19th century Spanish Philippines, the termmestizo de sangley differentiated ethnic Chinese from other types of island mestizos (such as those of mixedIndio andSpanish ancestry, who were fewer in number. Their Indio ancestry (generally on the maternal side) made the Chinese mestizos be granted the legal status of colonial subjects of Spain, with certain rights and privileges denied to the pure-blooded Chinese immigrants (sangleys).
Today,Tsinoy orChinoy (fromportmanteau ofFilipino wordTsino orChino inSpanish, and theFilipino wordPinoy) is widely used inFilipino/Tagalog and otherPhilippine languages to describe aSangley, a person born of pure or majority ethnicHan Chinese descent or of mixednative Filipino and Han Chinese ancestry or a person with likewise similar features.
Mestizo de sangley is a term that arose during Spanish colonization of the Philippines, where circumstances were different from colonial settlement of the Americas. During theSpanish colonization of the Americas of the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous male Spaniards (conquistadors, explorers, missionaries, and soldiers) settled there. For decades most Spanish men made liaisons and intermarried withindigenous women; their children were consideredmixed race and were calledmestizo.
Male Chinese traders and workers came during the colonial period, most of whom intermarried with native women. The Spanish government classified the anyone who had ancestry from China asSangley regardless of their ethnic makeup. Their mixed-race descendants with native women were classified asMestizo de sangley; they were also known aschino mestizos.
As an example, in the late 19th century, the author and activistJosé Rizal was classified asmestizo de sangley due to his partial Chinese ancestry. But he also had indigenous, Japanese, and Spanish ancestors, and he asked to be classified asIndio.[12]
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Spanish explorers and conquistadors landed inLas Islas de Filipinas, which they named in honor ofPhilip II of Spain. The Spanish colonization of the Philippines required more skilled laborers and they recruited Chinese immigrants. The economy became highly dependent upon the Chinese for their economic role as traders and artisans. Most of the Chinese living in the Manila area settled in a place called the Parían nearIntramuros.
The Spanish encouraged those China traders to convert to Catholicism. Many of the Chinese men married native women, and over time the multi-culturalmestizo de sangleycaste developed. Although the colonial government never required them to adopt Spanish surnames, in many cases they chose to change their Chinese names. They adopted names such as Jalandoni, Laurel, Lopez, Osmeña, Palanca, Paterno, Rizal, etc., or used transliteration and Spanish phonetic spelling to make them appear Hispanic byconcatenation, for example: Asico, Biazon, Chanco, Cojuangco, Cuyangkeng, Goquilay, Lacson, Landicho, Laoinco, Locsin, Ongpin, Quebengco, Sylianco, Tanbengco, Tanchanco, Tanjuatco, Tetangco, Tiongson, Tuazon, Yaptinchay, Yuchenco, Yuchengco, Yupangco, etc.
The ancient Chinese has historically hadculturally chauvinist views towards people from the Philippines, whom they referred to as savages. This view intensified after the Spanish colonized the archipelago, where the people, including Spanish officials, were referred by the Chinese asxiao xiyang ("small Western Ocean") or barbarians.[13] In 1574, a few years after the Spaniards establishedManila as the colonial capital of the Philippines, the Chinese pirateLimahong (TeochiuChinese:林阿鳳;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Lîm A-hŏng) attacked Manila and burned it to the ground. He retreated later to other places around the Luzon coast, where his forces continued killing and looting. Some of them stayed in the Philippines such as Limahong's male lover Eng Kang who later became the godson of the Spanish governor and renamed as Juan Baptista de Vera, allowing him to assimilate and partake in Philippine society without fear of consequences from Spanish authorities.[14] Some crew of Limahang settled down and had children with native Indios.[15] Many Sangleys, like Limahong and Eng Kang, had traditional homosexual relationships with either other Sangleys or native Indios. The Spanish, who themselves has racist views towards the Sangleys or Chinese, wanted to expel all Sangleys from the Philippines for a long time. After learning of the Sangley traditional homosexual bond system, the Spanish, especially the clergy, weaponized it to justify the massacre of many Sangley male lovers, with the intention of clearing the Philippines from any Sangleys.[16]
Most of thesangleys worked as skilled artisans or traders. Aside from shopkeeping, thesangleys earned their livelihood as carpenters, tailors, cobblers, locksmiths, masons, metalsmiths, weavers, bakers, carvers and other skilled craftsmen. As metalsmiths, they helped to build the Spanish galleons in shipyards located inCavite. As masons, they builtIntramuros and its numerous structures.
The Spanish gave themestizos de sangley special rights and privileges as colonial subjects of the Spanish Crown and as baptized converts to the Catholic Church. They were given preference to handle the domestic trade of the islands. In addition, they were allowed to lease land from the friar estates through theinquilino or lessee system, that allowed them to sublet those lands.
Later, themestizos de sangley came to acquire many native lands, chiefly through a legal instrument calledpacto de retro or contract of retrocession. Through this instrument, amoneylender extended loans to farmers, who in exchange for cash, pawned their land with the option of buying it back. In the event of default, the moneylender recovered the loan by foreclosing on the land from the farmer. Many local farmers lost their lands tomestizos de sangley in this manner.
TheSpanish Galleon Trade (1565–1815) tied China to Europe via Manila andAcapulco, Mexico. Acting as a transshipment port, Manila attracted Chinese traders fromXiamen (Amoy); they traveled in armed ships to trade with the Spanish. Chinese luxury goods, such assilk,porcelain and finely crafted furniture, were exchanged forsilver from Mexican and Peruvian mines. Twice a year the galleons sailed across thePacific Ocean from Manila to Acapulco and back. The goods were later shipped to Spain viaVeracruz, aGulf Coast port on theAtlantic side of Mexico.
As the Spanish galleons carried mostly Chinese luxury goods destined for Europe, Mexicans called themnáos de China (Chinese ships). The Spanish galleon trade was mainly a business affair involving Spanish officials in Manila, Mexico and Spain, and Chinese traders from Xiamen. The highly lucrative galleon trade carried few products originating from the Philippine islands or involving resident domestic traders. The trade was so profitable that Mexican silver became an unofficial currency of Southern China; an estimated one-third of silver mined from the Americas flowed into China during that period. The Spanish galleons also transported Filipino crew and militia men to the Americas, among which were many Sangleys; Some of them chose to settle in Mexico,Louisiana, and parts of present United States, speciallyCalifornia. Americans called these immigrantsManilamen and the Mexicans called themlos indios Chinos.
Apart from the Portuguese-controlledMacao-Manila trade in the 17th century and the British-controlledMadras-Manila trade in the 18th century, it was chiefly the Spanish-controlled Manila-Acapulco trade that sustained the colony for much of the period. When the trade ended with the last ship's sailing in 1815, the Spaniards needed new sources of revenue. With theSpanish American wars of independence resulting in the loss of Spain's colonies in the Americas, the Spanish government quickly lost its position of pre-eminence amongst theWestern powers.
After losingMexico when it became independent in 1821, Spain took over direct control of the Philippines. It had been governed by theVirreinato de Nueva España or Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) during much of the colonial period. Coinciding with the advent ofsteamships and the consequent expansion of the global economy, the Spaniards decided to open up the Philippines to foreign trade. They appointed Governor-GeneralBasco y Vargas, who was instrumental in establishing thetobacco monopoly in the Philippines, though with much help from other Spanish interests and reliance on Filipino local elites, called theprincipalía.[17]
As the subsistence economy shifted to an export crop economy, forsugar,abaca and tobacco, in 1834 the Spanish allowed both non-Spanish Westerners and Chinese immigrants to settle anywhere in the islands. Themestizos de sangley had been displaced from tobacco marketing as the Spanish established their monopoly.[17] Some wholesale and retail traders converted their capital into larger landholdings. They developed sugarplantations for the new export market, particularly in Central Luzon, and on the islands ofCebu,Iloilo andNegros. Themestizos de sangley took advantage of the rapid changes as the colonial economy was integrated into the markets of the Western world.
From the late 18th century through much of the 19th century, the Spanish encouraged development of tobacco as another commodity crop, controlling it as a monopoly. Cultivation was concentrated inCagayan, where the Spanish relied on the principalía to have their workers produce and deliver the tobacco.[17]
With the opening of the colony to foreign trade in 1834, Western merchants established import/export and financial companies inBinondo. They partnered with Chinese wholesale/retail traders throughout the islands. Themestizos de sangley shifted to the export crop economy by developing and enlargingplantations devoted to agricultural commodities.
The increase in the late 19th century of British and American commercial interests in Manila coincided with the British founding of a network of treaty port-cities inHong Kong,Singapore andShanghai. They also expanded theNanyang trade, previously limited toXiamen,Quanzhou andMacao.
In 1868, the United States and China signed theTreaty of Burlingame, legalizing and liberalizing Chinese emigration, which had been illegal since the Ming dynasty. This led to a rapid increase in the population ofOverseas Chinese traders in the Philippines. By the 1870s, the economic dominance of the British and American merchants and their Chinese trading partners was said by some observers to turn the Philippines into an "Anglo-Chinese Colony under the Spanish Flag".[18]
The Spanish authorities had initially depended upon thesangleys to both supply the labor and manage the colonial economy of the islands. However, after the attacks of the Chinese pirate Limahong, the Spanish colonists viewed thesangleys differently, fearing them as enemy aliens who posed a security threat due to their number. To protect their precarious position, the Spaniards enacted policies designed to control the residents of the islands by means of racial segregation and cultural assimilation, such as limiting the number of residentsangleys to around 6,000, a measure that was proved soon impossible to maintain.
The Spanish founded theParían in 1581 in what becameManila as the official marketplace and designated residence for thesangleys who did not convert to Catholicism. Circumventing a royal decree outlawing thesangleys, as governor-general of the Philippines,Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas createdBinondo in 1594 for the Catholicsangleys and theirindio wives and theirmestizos de sangley children and descendants. He gave thesangleys andmestizo de sangleys a land grant in perpetuity. They were allowed to establish a self-governing organization, calledGremio de Mestizos de Binondo (Guild of Mestizos of Binondo).
The Spanish colonists attempted to assimilate thesangleys into the Hispanic culture and converted many toCatholicism. They allowed Catholicsangleys to intermarry withindio women. They did not recognize marriages of the unconvertedsangleys, as they did not officially sanction marriages among subjects that were performed outside the Catholic Church.
Beginning in 1600, the first generation ofmestizos de sangley formed a small community of several hundred in Binondo. This is whereSan Lorenzo Ruiz grew up in the early 1600s. He was martyred under torture in Japan with threemissionaries; none would recant their Christian beliefs. Long venerated in the Philippines, he later was beatified by theCatholic Church and canonized in 1987 as the first Filipinosaint.
During the 17th century, the Spaniards carried out four great massacres and expulsions against the unconvertedsangleys, usually generated from real or imagined fears of an imminent invasion from China. In the aftermath, manysangleys converted at least nominally to Catholicism, adopted Hispanicized names, and intermarried withindio women.
Contemporary 21st century historians have studied demographic and social changes in the Philippines during this period. They note the changes in howmestizo de sangley fared in Philippine society. In the late 18th century, themestizo de sangley began to markedly improved their position. After the violence and turmoil of the Spanish expulsion of Chinese-Filipino population for having sided with theBritish in their1762 capture of Manila,
mestizo economic power increased in conjunction with its social and political clout. The formation of auxiliary units calledReal Princípe in Tondo mirrored these trends. Spanish military commanders publicly expressed a preference for mestizo regiments over native militias, enraging Filipino indio elites and requiring a deft negotiation of the political realities in Manila.
— [19]
The founding of Chinese mestizo regiments in the Philippines was part ofNew Spain's military modernization during thereformist Bourbon era. At the same time, New Spain created a colonial militia in Latin America, also enrollingmestizos there. While the colonies developed in distinct ways, there were similarities in the rise of themestizo classes in Latin American and the Philippines. When colonial authorities accepted them into the militias and armed them, it was in recognition of their rising social position and integration into the colonial economies.[19]
After the Spanish colonists abolished theParían in 1790, they allowed thesangleys to settle in Binondo. In the 19th century, the population ofmestizos de sangley grew rapidly over the years as more Chinese male immigrants arrived, converted to Catholicism, settled in Binondo and intermarried withindio ormestizo de sangley women. With no legal restrictions on their movement,mestizos de sangley migrated to other areas in the course of work and business, such asTondo,Bulacan,Pampanga,Bataan,Cavite,Cebu,Iloilo,Samar,Capiz, etc. The number of unconvertedsangleys dropped from a high of 25,000 prior to the first great massacre of 1603 to below 10,000 by 1850.
From the 18th century until the latter half of the 19th century, Spanish authorities came to depend upon themestizos de sangley as thebourgeoisie of the colonial economy. From their concentration in Binondo, Manila, themestizos de sangley migrated to Central Luzon, Cebu, Iloilo, Negros and Cavite to handle the domestic trade of the islands. From trading, they branched out into landleasing, moneylending and later landholding. With wealth, they gained the ability to give their children elite education at the best schools in the islands and later in Europe.
Following the promulgation of theCádiz Constitution of 1812, the Philippines was granted the status of a Spanish province, with representation in theSpanish Cortes. These subjects were granted Spanish citizenship, thus acquiring legal equality in the Philippines with Spanish-born Spaniards. Toward the end of Spanish rule in the 19th century, themestizos de sangley identified asFilipinos (a term which previously referred to Spanish creoles only), showing their identification with these islands. The dominance of themestizos de sangley was a distinctive feature of the Philippines which categorically distinguished it from Spanish America, where the elites were non-Chinese mestizos. The Philippine mestizos became a class of wealthy quasi-feudal hacendados in the Philippine countryside, growing to become a "national oligarchy" under United States rule.[20]
Also identifying as the "true sons of Spain", themestizos de sangley tended to side with the white Spanish colonists during the numerousindio revolts against Spanish rule. In the late 19th century,José Rizal, a fifth-generationmestizo de sangley, arose as an intellectual from the relatively wealthy, middle-class, Spanish-educated Filipinos known asIlustrados. He was among those who called for reforms in the administration of the colony, integration as a province of Spain, and political representation for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes.
From the beginning of the colonial period in the Philippines, the Spanish administration had the goal of converting natives toCatholicism.Missionaries were among the Spanish settlers in the colony. With the help of the colonial government, religious orders built traditional stone-and-brick churches throughout the islands in the Spanish or Mexican Baroque style. Constructed within the walled-city ofIntramuros,San Agustin Church was the first stone church built in the archipelago. It became the spiritual center of Christianity in the Philippines, and also in Asia. The remains ofMiguel López de Legazpi,Juan de Salcedo andMartín de Goiti (who was killed during Limahong's siege) were interred in that church. The church was sacked during theBattle of Manila in 1762, before being rebuilt in 1854.[21]
The Spanish colonial government established schools and colleges run mostly by religious orders, including theColegio de San Juan de Letran, theAteneo Municipal, theUniversidad de Santo Tomás in Manila, or theColegio de San Ildefonso in Cebu, that accepted all types of students, regardless of race, gender or financial status in the case of primary grade instruction.[citation needed] In 1863, the Spanish government established a modern system of free public education, the first of its kind in Asia.[citation needed]
Binondo served as the traditional center of community life for the Catholicsangleys andmestizos de sangley. TheGremio de Mestizos de Binondo was the official guild chartered to administer community affairs. Born in Binondo,San Lorenzo Ruiz was amestizo de sangley who served as an altar boy in the Binondo Church (which has since been named after him). Established by the Spanish Dominicans for Catholicsangleys, the Binondo Church is now known as theMinor Basilica of San Lorenzo Ruiz. It became the center site for the religious rites of the community. The Catholicmestizos de sangley expressed religious devotion with processions marking important occasions, such as the Feast of La Naval de Manila, commemorating the naval victory of the Spanish over the Dutch off Manila Bay in 1646.
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In the late 19th century, cosmopolitanmercantilism emerged in Binondo, at the same time that Western andoverseas Chinese merchants entered the island's economy, which was being integrated into the global trading system. The Spaniards tended to be more isolated from the new urban environment. They lived inIntramuros, where Hispanic Catholicism dominated the walled city. The rapid urbanization elsewhere transformed theethnic enclave of Binondo into a thriving commercial district within an expanding urban core. The overseas Chinese (traditional Chinese: 華僑;pinyin: Huáqiáo) merchants essentially displaced themestizos de sangley from their role as the domestic traders of the islands. Although officially under Spanish rule, cosmopolitan Binondo became the semi-official capital of an "Anglo-Chinese colony" in the late 19th-century Philippines.[citation needed]
Chinese-Filipino merchants dominated the textile industry in Molo and Jaro. Iloilo producedsinamay, a hand-woven cloth made from fineabaca threads, which was used for the casualcamisa de chino;jusi (Chinese term for rawsilk), a translucent fabric woven from silk yarn for the formalbarong tagalog; andpiña, a handwoven fabric made ofpineapple fiber for heirloom garments. During the late 19th century, themestizos de sangley wore embroideredbarong tagalog whileindios wore multicoloredcamisa de chino. As a means of maintaining social stratification, the Spanish prohibited theindios from wearing European-style clothing, as a means of separating the groups.[citation needed]
In food, Chinese-Filipinos adapted Hokkien food fromFujian. They used indigenous ingredients and Spanish names to improvise what became part of an evolving creole Filipino cuisine. During the 19th century, noodle shops calledpanciterias servingcomida China (Chinese food) dotted the islands. The ubiquitouspancit (meaning "noodle" from the Hokkien wordpian-e-sit) becamepancit luglog andlomi (flavored with sauce);mami (served with broth);pancit molo (cooked as pasta) andpancit Malabon (mixed withseafood). The Chinese brought their use ofrice as a staple (and wet-rice agriculture). One result was the local rice porridge calledarroz caldo. Other well-known Filipino dishes such aslumpia (egg-roll),maki (soup dish),kiampong (fried rice) andma-chang (sticky rice,) among others, trace their origins to the Chinese immigrants.
InVigan, Ilocos Sur, known askasanglayan (meaning "where sangleys live"), prosperous Chinese-Filipino merchants built stone-and-wood houses (really brick and wood) calledbahay na bato. These followed some of the tradition of Malay village houses-on-stilts, calledbahay kubo, but instead of usingbamboo and thatch, they usedmolave-wood structural beams to frame the two-story house. Walls were formed of brick coated with plaster. Sliding window panels made with translucentcapiz shells, in latticework patterns, enclosed thetypically large horizontal windows. On the outside, sliding wooden shutters could cover the windows for another layer of privacy and ventilation control. This area has been designated as an historic district.
In contrast to the typical stone-and-brick Spanish colonial houses, this style of residence was better suited to the tropical environment of the islands. It was more flexible, so could better withstand frequentearthquakes. The steep roofs with overhanging eaves provided shelter against rain and storms, and added to the sense of openness and space connecting the interior and exterior. These helped shield residents from seasonalmonsoons. During less severe rain and in the hot summers, the sliding windows could be opened to allow greater circulation of air and more light into the house. When illuminated at night, such houses resemble giant Chinese lanterns. The stone/brick-and-wood house became so widespread throughout the islands that this Chinese-Filipino merchant's house came to be known as the "colonial Filipino" style.
Themestizos de sangley synthesized a hybrid culture incorporating Hispanic and European influences with both indigenous and Asian elements. In fashion, cuisine, design and architecture, a distinctive style emerged, especially among the wealthier segment. As thesangley prospered from trading, they built the first and in many cases the only stone-and-wood houses in the countryside. Like other rising elites, they created forms ofconspicuous consumption to signify their status. Themestizos de sangley held feasts to commemorate baptisms, weddings, funerals and processions. As the 19th century drew to a close, the colonial Spanish empire in the Philippines was defeated by the rising Western empire of the United States following theSpanish–American War.
Following the war, the United States took possession of the Philippines and influenced its culture in turn. The Filipinos, including themestizos de sangley, were referred to as "little brown Americans".[citation needed] The Philippines was made a protectorate in relation to the United States, with the residents given special status but not U.S. citizenship at the time.[22]
Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos[Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them]
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