 Salyut 7 photographed bySoyuz T-13 crew before docking, 25 September 1985 | |
 The insignia of the Salyut Program | |
| Station statistics | |
|---|---|
| COSPAR ID | 1982-033A |
| SATCATno. | 13138 |
| Launch | 19 April 1982, 19:45:00 (1982-04-19UTC19:45) UTC |
| Carrier rocket | Proton-K No. 306-02 |
| Launch pad | Baikonur,Site 200/40 |
| Reentry | 7 February 1991[1] |
| Mass | 19,824 kg (43,704 lb) |
| Length | 16 m (52 ft) min.[1] |
| Width | 4.15 m (13.6 ft) max.[1] |
| Pressurisedvolume | 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft) min.[1] |
| Periapsis altitude | 219 km (136 mi; 118 nmi) |
| Apoapsis altitude | 278 km (173 mi; 150 nmi) |
| Orbital inclination | 51.6° |
| Orbital period | 89.21 minutes |
| Days in orbit | 3,215 days |
| Days occupied | 816 days |
| No. of orbits | 51,917 |
| Distance travelled | 2,106,297,129 km (1,137,309,460 nmi) |
| Statistics as of de-orbit and reentry | |
| Configuration | |
 Salyut 7 with dockedKosmos 1686TKS spacecraft | |
Salyut 7 (Russian:Салют-7,lit. 'Salute 7'), also known asDOS-6 (Durable Orbital Station 6)[1] was aspace station inlow Earth orbit from April 1982 to February 1991.[1] It was first crewed in May 1982 with two crew viaSoyuz T-5, and last visited in June 1986, bySoyuz T-15.[1] Various crew and modules were used over its lifetime, including 12 crewed and 15 uncrewed launches in total.[1] Supporting spacecraft included theSoyuz T,Progress, andTKS spacecraft.[1]
It was part of the SovietSalyut programme, and launched on 19 April 1982 on aProton-K rocket fromSite 200/40 at theBaikonur Cosmodrome in the Soviet Union. Salyut 7 was part of the transition from monolithic to modular space stations, acting as a testbed for docking of additional modules and expanded station operations. It was the eighth space station of any kind launched. Salyut 7 was the last of both the second generation of DOS-series space stations and of the monolithic Salyut Program overall, to be replaced byMir, the modular, expandable, third generation.
Salyut 7 was the backup vehicle forSalyut 6 and was very similar in equipment and capabilities. With delays to theMir programme it was decided to launch the back-up vehicle as Salyut 7. In orbit the station suffered technical failures though it benefited from the improved payload capacity of the visiting Progress and Soyuz craft and the experience of its crews who improvised many solutions (such as a fuel line rupture in September 1983 requiringEVAs by theSoyuz T-10 crew to repair). It was aloft for eight years and ten months (a record not broken until Mir), during which time it was visited by 10 crews constituting six main expeditions and four secondary flights (including French and Indian cosmonauts). The station also saw two flights ofSvetlana Savitskaya making her the second woman in space sinceValentina Tereshkova first flew in June 1963 and the first woman to perform an EVA during which she conducted metal cutting and welding alongside her colleagueVladimir Dzhanibekov.[2] Aside from the many experiments and observations made on Salyut 7, the station also tested the docking and use of large modules with an orbiting space station. The modules were called "Heavy Kosmos modules" though in reality were variants of theTKS intended for the cancelledAlmaz military space station. They helped engineers develop the technology necessary to buildMir.
It had two docking ports, one on either end of the station, to allow docking with the Progress uncrewed resupply craft, and a wider front docking port to allow safer docking with a Heavy Kosmos module. It carried threesolar panels, two in lateral and one in dorsal longitudinal positions, but they now had the ability to mount secondary panels on their sides. Internally, the Salyut 7 carried electric stoves, a refrigerator, constant hot water and redesigned seats at the command console (more like bicycle seats). Two portholes were designed to allowultraviolet light in, to help kill infections.[1] The medical, biological and exercise sections were improved, to allow long stays in the station. The BST-1M telescope used in Salyut 6 was replaced by anX-ray detection system.[3]
To support experiments in cultivating plants in space, several different plant life support systems were installed: Oasis 1A, Vazon, Svetoblok, Magnetogravistat, Biogravistat and Fiton(Phyton)-3. It was in Fiton-3 thatArabidopsis became the first plants to flower and produce seeds in the zero gravity of space.
Salyut 7 was the most advanced and comfortable space station of the Salyut series. A set of modifications to the interior made it more liveable. There were approximately 20 windows with shades on the Salyut 7. To protect the inside of the windows, they were covered with removable glass panels. The colour scheme was improved and a refrigerator was installed. The ceiling on the Salyut 7 was white; the left wall was apple green and the right one beige,[4][5] a signature design by interior design architect,Galina Balashova, who carried on the concept throughSoyuz toMir andBuran, in an effort to replace 'survive' with 'comfort', working with seasoned cosmonauts to make living conditions better and 'closer to home'[6][7] Externally, in a departure from previous first generation stations, the large diameter operations section which housed the large scientific apparatus, was colored in a distinctive brown-red and white stripe pattern. This was done to differentiate between it and the outwardly similarSalyut 6 that, for several months of its life, was in orbit at the same time.
The experience of long-term space missions has provided valuable information about the effects of zero gravity for space medicine, leading to the development of new medications and new medical equipment (for example, the "Biogravistat" medical device was created based on the experience of Salyut 7).[8]
Following up the use ofKosmos 1267 on Salyut 6, the Soviets launchedKosmos 1443 on 2 March 1983 from a Proton SL-13. It docked with the station on 10 March, and was used by the crew ofSoyuz T-9. It jettisoned its recovery module on 23 August, and re-entered the atmosphere on 19 September.Kosmos 1686 was launched on 27 September 1985, docking with the station on 2 October. It did not carry a recovery vehicle, and remained connected to the station for use by the crew ofSoyuz T-14. Ten Soyuz T crews operated in Salyut 7. Only two Interkosmos "guest cosmonauts" worked in Salyut 7. Thefirst attempt to launch Soyuz T-10 was aborted on the launch pad when a fire broke out at the base of the vehicle. The payload was ejected, and the crew was recovered safely.
Salyut 7 was the first crewed space vehicle to launch a satellite, when it fired the small experimental Iskra 2 satellite out of its waste airlock. This was performed mainly to deprive the US Space Shuttle of becoming the first crewed spacecraft to launch a satellite.[9]
Salyut 7 had six resident crews.
There were also four visiting missions, crews which came to bring supplies and make shorter duration visits with the resident crews.
The station suffered from two major problems, the first of which required extensive repair work to be performed on a number of EVAs.
On 9 September 1983, during the stay ofVladimir Lyakhov andAlexander Alexandrov, while reorienting the station to perform a radiowave transmission experiment, Lyakhov noticed the pressure of one fuel tank was almost zero. Following this, Alexandrov spotted a fuel leak when looking through the aft porthole. Ground control decided to try to repair the damaged pipes, in what was the most complex repair attempted during EVA at the time. This was to be attempted by the next crew, the current one lacking the necessary training and tools. The damage was eventually repaired byLeonid Kizim andVladimir Solovyov, who needed four EVAs to fix two leaks. A special tool to fix the third leak was delivered bySoyuz T-12, and the leak was subsequently fixed.[10]
On 11 February 1985, contact with Salyut 7 was lost. The station began to drift, making unpredictable movements in orbit, and all systems shut down. At this time the station was uninhabited, after the departure of Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov andOleg Atkov, and before the next crew arrived. It was once again decided to attempt to repair the station. The work was performed byVladimir Dzhanibekov andViktor Savinykh on theSoyuz T-13 mission during June 1985, in what was in the words of author David S. F. Portree "one of the most impressive feats of in-space repairs in history".[1] This operation forms the basis of the 2017 Russian filmSalyut 7.
All Soviet and Russian space stations were equipped with automatic rendezvous and docking systems, from the first space station Salyut 1 using theIgla system, to theRussian Orbital Segment of theInternational Space Station using theKurs system. Upon arrival, on 6 June 1985, the Soyuz crew found the station was not broadcasting radar or telemetry for rendezvous, and after arrival and external inspection of the tumbling station, the crew estimated proximity using handheld laser rangefinders.[11]
Dzhanibekov piloted his ship to intercept the forward port of Salyut 7 and matched the station's rotation. Afterhard docking to the station and confirming the station's electrical system was dead, Dzhanibekov and Savinykh sampled the station atmosphere prior to opening the hatch. Attired in winter fur-lined clothing, they entered the station to conduct repairs. The fault was eventually found to be an electrical sensor that determined when the batteries needed charging.
Once the batteries were replaced, the station started charging them, and warmed up over the next few days.[10] Within a week sufficient systems were brought back online to allow uncrewedProgress cargo ships to dock with the station.[1]
Salyut 7 was last inhabited in 1986 by the crew ofSoyuz T-15, who ferried equipment from Salyut 7 to the newMir space station. Between 19 and 22 August 1986, engines onKosmos 1686 boosted Salyut 7 to a record-high mean orbital altitude of 475 km to forestall reentry until 1994. Retrieval at a future date by aBuran shuttle was also planned.[12]
However, unexpectedly high solar activity in the late 1980s and early 1990s increased atmospheric drag on the station and sped its orbital decay. It finally underwent an uncontrolled reentry on 7 February 1991 over the town ofCapitán Bermúdez in Argentina after it overshot its intended entry point, which would have placed its debris in uninhabited portions of the southern Pacific Ocean.[13][14]
Notation:
| Expedition | Crew | Launch date | Flight up | Landing date | Flight down | Duration (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salyut 7 – EO-1 |  Anatoli Berezovoy,Valentin Lebedev[1] | 13 May 1982 09:58:05 UTC | Soyuz T-5 | 10 December 1982 19:02:36 UTC | Soyuz T-7 | 211.38 |
| Salyut 7 – EP-1 | Vladimir Dzhanibekov,Aleksandr Ivanchenkov, Jean-Loup Chrétien | 24 June 1982 16:29:48 UTC | Soyuz T-6 | 2 July 1982 14:20:40 UTC | Soyuz T-6 | 7.91 |
| Salyut 7 – EP-2 | Leonid Popov,Aleksandr Serebrov,Svetlana Savitskaya | 19 August 1982 17:11:52 UTC | Soyuz T-7 | 27 August 1982 15:04:16 UTC | Soyuz T-5 | 7.91 |
| Salyut 7 – EO-2 | Vladimir Lyakhov,Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov | 27 June 1983 09:12:00 UTC | Soyuz T-9 | 23 November 1983 19:58:00 UTC | Soyuz T-9 | 149.45 |
| Salyut 7 – EO-3 | Leonid Kizim,Vladimir Solovyov,Oleg Atkov | 8 February 1984 12:07:26 UTC | Soyuz T-10 | 2 October 1984 10:57:00 UTC | Soyuz T-11 | 236.95 |
| Salyut 7 – EP-3 | Yury Malyshev,Gennady Strekalov, Rakesh Sharma | 3 April 1984 13:08:00 UTC | Soyuz T-11 | 11 April 1984 10:48:48 UTC | Soyuz T-10 | 7.90 |
| Salyut 7 – EP-4 | Vladimir Dzhanibekov,Svetlana Savitskaya,Igor Volk | 17 July 1984 17:40:54 UTC | Soyuz T-12 | 29 July 1984 12:55:30 UTC | Soyuz T-12 | 11.80 |
| Salyut 7 – EO-4-1a | Viktor Savinykh | 6 June 1985 06:39:52 UTC | Soyuz T-13 | 21 November 1985 10:31:00 UTC | Soyuz T-14 | 168.16 |
| Salyut 7 – EO-4-1b | Vladimir Dzhanibekov | 6 June 1985 06:39:52 UTC | Soyuz T-13 | 26 September 1985 09:51:58 UTC | Soyuz T-13 | 112.13 |
| Salyut 7 – EP-5 | Georgi Grechko | 17 September 1985 12:38:52 UTC | Soyuz T-14 | 26 September 1985 09:51:58 UTC | Soyuz T-13 | 8.88 |
| Salyut 7 – EO-4-2 | Vladimir Vasyutin,Alexander Volkov | 17 September 1985 12:38:52 UTC | Soyuz T-14 | 21 November 1985 10:31:00 UTC | Soyuz T-14 | 64.91 |
| Salyut 7 – EO-5 | Leonid Kizim,Vladimir Solovyov | 13 March 1986 12:33:09 UTC | Soyuz T-15 | 16 July 1986 12:34:05 UTC | Soyuz T-15 | 125.00 50 on S7 |
| Spacecraft | Spacewalker | Start – UTC | End – UTC | Duration | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salyut 7 – PE-1 – EVA 1 | Lebedev, Berezevoi[1] | 30 July 1982 02:39 | 30 July 1982 05:12 | 2 h, 33 min | Retrieve experiments |
| Salyut 7 – PE-2 – EVA 1 | Lyakhov, Alexandrov | 1 November 1983 04:47 | 1 November 1983 07:36 | 2 h, 50 min | Add solar array |
| Salyut 7 – PE-2 – EVA 2 | Lyakhov, Alexandrov | 3 November 1983 03:47 | 3 November 1983 06:42 | 2 h, 55 min | Add solar array |
| Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 1 | Kizim, Solovyov | 23 April 1984 04:31 | 23 April 1984 08:46 | 4 h, 20 min | ODU repair |
| Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 2 | Kizim, Solovyov | 26 April 1984 02:40 | 26 April 1984 07:40 | 4 h, 56 min | Repair ODU |
| Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 3 | Kizim, Solovyov | 29 April 1984 01:35 | 29 April 1984 04:20 | 2 h, 45 min | Repair ODU |
| Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 4 | Kizim, Solovyov | 3 May 1984 23:15 | 4 May 1984 02:00 | 2 h, 45 min | Repair ODU |
| Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 5 | Kizim, Solovyov | 18 May 1984 17:52 | 18 May 1984 20:57 | 3 h, 05 min | Add solar array |
| Salyut 7 – VE-4 – EVA 1 | Savitskaya, Dzhanibekov | 25 July 1984 14:55 | 25 July 1984 18:29 | 3 h, 35 min | First woman EVA |
| Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 6 | Kizim, Solovyov | 8 August 1984 08:46 | 8 August 1984 13:46 | 5 h, 00 min | Complete ODU repair |
| Salyut 7 – PE-4 – EVA 1 | Dzhanibekov, Savinykh | 2 August 1985 07:15 | 2 August 1985 12:15 | 5 h, 00 min | Augment solar arrays |
| Salyut 7 – PE-6 – EVA 1 | Kizim, Solovyov | 28 May 1986 05:43 | 28 May 1986 09:33 | 3 h, 50 min | Test truss, retrieve samples |
| Salyut 7 – PE-6 – EVA 2 | Kizim, Solovyov | 31 May 1986 04:57 | 31 May 1986 09:57 | 5 h, 00 min | Test truss |
On three occasions, a visiting Soyuz craft was transferred from the station's aft port to its forward port. This was done to accommodate upcoming Progress shuttles, which could only refuel the station using connections available at the aft port. Typically, the resident crew would first dock at the forward port, leaving the aft port available for Progress craft and visiting Soyuz support crews. When a support crew docked at the aft port and left in the older, forward Soyuz, the resident crew would move the new vehicle forward by boarding it, undocking, and translating some 100–200 meters away from Salyut 7. Then, ground control would command the station itself to rotate 180 degrees, and the Soyuz would close and re-dock at the forward port. Soyuz T-7, T-9 and T-11 performed the operation, piloted by resident crews.[1]
Specifications of the baseline 1982 Salyut 7 module, fromMir Hardware Heritage (1995, NASA RP1357):[1]
(Launched crews. Spacecraft launch and landing dates listed.)
The repair and reactivation of the station by Soyuz T-13 is the subject of the 2017 Russian historical dramaSalyut 7. These events also served as a plot base for the Polish novelPołowa nieba (pol.Half the sky), by Bartek Biedrzycki (first published 2018), collected inZimne światło gwiazd in 2020.
| Preceded by | Salyut programme 1982–1991 | Succeeded by |
| Salyut stations (DOS) | | |
|---|---|---|
| Almaz stations (OPS) | ||
| Successors | ||
| TKS spacecraft | ||
| Support craft | ||
| Lists |
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| Past |
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| Canceled |
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| In development |
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| Concepts | |||||||||
| Related |
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Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of theAlmaz military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism. | |||||||||
