 | This articleis written like apersonal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Pleasehelp improve it by rewriting it in anencyclopedic style.(March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Salama Moussa | |
|---|---|
.jpg) A photo from 1924, aged 37. | |
| Born | 1887 (1887) |
| Died | 4 August 1958(1958-08-04) (aged 71) Cairo, Egypt |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Notable works | Man at the Top of Evolution |
Salama Moussa (or Musa; 4 February 1887 – 4 August 1958) (Arabic:سلامه موسى pronounced[sæˈlæːmæˈmuːsæ],Coptic:ⲥⲁⲗⲁⲙⲁ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ) was an Egyptian journalist, writer and political theorist. Salama Moussa was an avowedsecularist, he introduced the writings ofDarwin,Nietzsche, andFreud to Egyptian readers.[1] Salama Moussa campaigned against traditional religions and urged the Egyptian society to embrace European thought, he espoused the theory ofevolution by natural selection.[1] He was anEgyptian nationalist. He was an advocate ofliberalism and a supporter of theEgyptian liberal movement.[2] Salama Moussa is fromTaha Hussein's generation;Naguib Mahfouz called Salama Moussa his "spiritual father", whereas Salama Moussa acknowledged his own intellectual debt toAhmed Lutfi el-Sayed.[1] Salama Moussa joined al-Wafd party afterSaad Zaghloul became the leader, he believed it to be essentially a call to independence.[2] He looked for political and economic independence of Egypt from the British occupation. He popularised the idea ofsocialism in Egypt and advocatedegalitarian socialism.[1][2] He was jailed in 1946 for criticizing the monarchy.[1] Salama Moussa emphasized the unity of theEgyptians, he praised Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed for "paving the way for therevolution of 1919 by uniting the Egyptian nation on a national stance".[3]
Salama Moussa was born in 1887 into aCoptic family in a village called Kafr al-Afi nearZagazig,Egypt.[1] His family is originally from a small village called el-Baiadeye, inAsyut,Upper Egypt.[4][5] His father died when Salama Moussa was still a young child, leaving the family an inheritance that allowed them to live comfortably. Salama Moussa attended a Muslim kuttab, a Coptic school, and a government school,[1] then in 1903 he moved to Cairo to receive a secondary education. The Khedivial secondary school where Moussa attended, from 1903 to 1907, was run like a military camp with harsh punishment for misbehavior dished out by the British instructors.[5] In Cairo during the early 20th century there was a rising anti-British sentiment rooted in the nationalist movement, and Qasim Amin's movement for the liberation of women was creating a stir. While in Cairo, Moussa was exposed to writers such asFarah Antun,Jurji Zaydan, andAhmad Lutfi Al-Sayyid that discussed modern and at the time radical ideas such asSocial Darwinism, women's rights, and nationalism. Growing up in a religious minority in Muslim dominated Egypt he was attracted to these ideas. After secondary school Moussa was interested in studying European literature and science, he was unable to study Arabic at a higher level, because the study of Arabic was the monopoly of theAzhar andDar al-‘Ulum, both of which required students to be Muslim.[6]
In 1907, Moussa traveled to France to continue his education and he was exposed to a modern, secularized Europe rampant with socialist ideologies. Moussa observed the empowerment and social freedoms that French women enjoyed. InMontlhéry, a small village nearParis, he started studying socialism and evolution, and the French language.[7]
Moussa studied Egyptian civilization upon his return to Egypt in 1908.[8] The same year he published articles inAl Liwa, a newspaper published byMustafa Kamil Pasha.[9] In 1909 he moved to England to improve his knowledge of the English language, and briefly studied law atLincoln's Inn. In England, socialism was on the rise as well as ideas ofSocial Darwinism, and Moussa had a lot of interactions with members of theFabian Society and became a member in July 1909. Moussa embraced Fabian ideas of getting rid of the landed classes and empowering the peasant, and he wanted to realize them in Egypt.[8]
In 1910, he wrote his first book,Muqaddimat al-superman, comparing European life with the lives of the Egyptians and the social injustices they faced on a daily basis. In 1913, Salama Moussa returned to Egypt and started his first weekly magazine,Al-Mustaqbal, with Farah Antun and Yaqub Sarruf on topics such as evolution, national unity, and socialism. The British-controlled government responded to these radical ideas by shutting down the magazine after 16 issues.[2] Moussa then spent the following years teaching in a village near Zagazig and observing peasant living conditions.[1]
The 1920s were an active time for Moussa as well as Egypt and were considered a revolutionary period in culture and literature; Moussa formed a socialist party, which was promptly dissolved under pressure and intimidation by the government.[10] In the same year, he proceeded to establish the Egyptian Academy for Scientific Education, which was, after only 10 years of operation, shut down by the government as well. Moussa worked as a managing editor of a magazine,Kull shay, which was published in Cairo from 1925 to 1927.[11] In 1929 he started his magazineAl Majalla Al Jadida which existed until 1944.[12] Moussa also contributed toAl Siyasa, newspaper of theLiberal Constitutional Party.[13]
In 1936, he proclaimed that socialism would sweep Egypt before he turned 100 years old. He spent a brief stint as editor for the social affairs ministry. In 1942, Moussa was jailed on charges of sabotage, which were trumped up charges for criticizing the monarchy.[5]
The 1952 revolution was a turning point in Egyptian history whereNasserism was taking hold and nationalization of Egypt had begun. Salama Moussa remained an important figure during this period and was appointed supervisor of the science section inAkhbar el-Yom, a position that he held until his death in 1958.[1]
In the 1930s Salama Moussa affirmed his belief in a shared humanity and was an advocate ofsecularism, democracy,liberalism, and the liberation of women. He criticized the status of Egyptian women amongst both Christian and Muslim Egyptians, and called for the improvement of their role in Egyptian life.[14][5] He stated that none of his sisters were educated, and they were all forced to stay home at age 10.[15] His outspokenness on women's issues was shown in many of his works including his 1955 workal-Mar'a laysat lu'bat al-rajul (women are not the toys of men).[2]
Salama Moussa supported workers' and peasants' rights, supported an improved working environment, and called for reforms in public education. Seminars led by Moussa discussing social issues drew large crowds of young intellectuals. He was one of the Egyptian intellectuals that called for theEgyptian dialect to be taught as the official language.[4][5] Moussa pleaded in his bookHa'ula'i 'allamuni (Those inspired me, Cairo, 1953) for the independence of thought and indigenous creativity of the contemporaryEgyptians. Salama Moussa emphasized the unity of the Egyptians, he praisedAhmed Lutfi el-Sayed for "paving the way for therevolution of 1919 by uniting the Egyptian nation",[3] he praised the unity and resilience of the Egyptian people both in the revolution of 1919 and therevolution of 1879–1882.[16]
Salama Moussa looked for political and economic independence of Egypt from the British occupation, to this end he corresponded withGandhi who provided him with his tools of economic struggle against the British hegemony over the Indian textile industry. Moussa made use of his contact with Gandhi in helping out the national Egyptian industrialistTala'at Harb (1867–1941) to set up independent outlets for the Egyptian textile industry nationwide in Egypt, an attempt that was vehemently resisted by the British colonial powers of the time. In 1935 he formedJam'iyyat al-Misri li al-Misri (The Society of the Egyptian for the Egyptian) to introduce Gandhi's idea of national self-sufficiency into Egypt.[1]
Salama Moussa wanted Egypt to embrace European thought and to abandon religious traditions and customs. Salama Moussa advocated secularism and scientific thought. He wrote or translated 45 published books. His writings are still influential in Egypt and are frequently cited.[1][2]
Salama Moussa became seriously ill and died on 4 August 1958, a few months after turning 71.[1]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
