Arump state is the remnant of a once much largerstate that was reduced in the wake ofannexation,occupation,secession,decolonization, a successfulcoup d'état orrevolution on part of its formerterritory.[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going intoexile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.[2]
Guge andMaryul were rump states of theTibetan Empire.[8][9]
TheSultanate of Rum was a rump state of theSeljuk Empire.[10]
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.[11]
SeveralByzantine rump states likeNicaea,Trebizond,Morea,Theodoro andEpirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.[16][17][18]
After theMing dynasty established control overChina proper in 1368, theYuan dynasty retreated to theMongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called theNorthern Yuan.[19]
After theFragmentation of the Golden Horde in the early 15th century, theGreat Horde (first mentioned in the 1430s) survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until theCrimean Khanate destroyed it by sacking its capital city ofNew Sarai in 1502, absorbing its remaining territory.
TheTimurid Empire reduced into a rump state inKabulistan andBalkh underBabur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to ShaybanidKhanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into theMughal Empire after theBabur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
By summer 1503,Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into theSafavid Empire byIsmail I.[20]
After the fall of theMalacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of theMalay Peninsula and established theJohor Sultanate.[21]
After theSpanish conquest of theInca Empire in 1532, theNeo-Inca State based atVilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.[22]
Despite having two lords, one of them the king of France,Andorra was part of thePrincipality of Catalonia until theNueva Planta decrees (1715), after theCatalan defeat in theWar of the Spanish Succession. To avoid the application of Nueva Planta to Andorra, theBishop of Urgell (the other lord of Andorra) convinced the newSpanish Bourbon authorities that the Valleys of Andorra had always been neutral and unrelated to the Principality of Catalonia, resulting in the political separation of Andorra fromCatalonia.[23]
TheAfsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state inMashhad and surrounding areas after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by theZands andDurrani Empire, until the region finally annexed by theQajars in 1796.
The modern country ofLuxembourg is the rump state of the formerDuchy of Luxembourg, which lost two-thirds of its territory due tomultiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by theTreaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independentBelgium.[24]
The Vatican City can be considered a rump state of thePapal States (756–1870). The Papal States fell in 1870 whenRome was captured by Italy. The pope was confined to a small area known as the Vatican hill, which includedSt Peter’s basilica and walled off from the rest of Italy. In 1929, The Lateran treaty was signed which formed the Vatican City as an independent state with jurisdiction and authority of theRoman Catholic Church keeping many Papal state institutions as remnants.[25]
The modern-day state ofBrunei is a rump state of the formerBruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northernBorneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate[26] and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by theHouse of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
TheRepublic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been theAustro-Hungarian Empire.[27]
TheRepublic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 following the Ankara Government victory in theTurkish–Armenian War.[28][29][30]
In 1918–1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: theFirst Hungarian Republic (1918–1919), theHungarian Soviet Republic (March – August 1919),[31] theHungarian Republic.[32]
TheSecond Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following theMunich Agreement, whereCzechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populatedSudetenland region toGermany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region ofCarpathian Ruthenia.[33]
In 1940, theFrench state became a rump state of France after thefall of France. While northern France and the Atlantic coast were occupied byGermany. Vichy France’s unoccupied territory was reduced to the south with Vichy as the administrative capital during the Period andPhilippe Petain as head of state. Germany soon would occupy all of France while the Vichy government still remained in place. In 1944, the regime went into exile inSigmaringen as theexterritorialSigmaringen enclave until it was officially abolished in August 1944.[34]
In September 1943, theKingdom of Italy was reduced to a rump state, then nicknamed theKingdom of the South, while theItalian Social Republic, aNazi-installed puppet state, controlled most of its territory. With Allied support, the Kingdom of Italy gradually regained control over Italian territory, achieving victory in April 1945.[35][36][37]
TheFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) /Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after itbroke up.[38] SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, betweenSlovenian andCroatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 andthe legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.[39]
Taiwan under theKuomintang rule was the rump state of theRepublic of China left over after theretreat from the mainland.[40] The currentstatus of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective.[41]
TheRepublic of Turkey was a rump state left over inAnatolia after thedissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the consequent loss of its territory in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (amounting to 89% of its former size).[42]
TheRussian Federation was the rump state and legal successor of theSoviet Union, following itsdissolution in 1991.[43]
TheDemocratic Republic of Yemen was the rump state ofSouth Yemen; established during the1994 Yemeni civil war, it eventually collapsed once the Government retook control.
Until thefall of Damascus on 8 December 2024, the remaining territory once held byBa'athist Syria consisted onDamascus (encircled by the rebels) and three western coastalAlawite-majority governorates ofLatakia andTartus which were part of the historicalAlawite State.[44]Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year, the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Sultan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy's present-day geographical borders.
Taiwan was now the rump state of the 'Republic of China', under the Kuomintang (KMT) or 'Nationalist' party rule, 'temporarily' in exile on the island [...]
Exactly what is Taiwan—nation state, de facto nation, rump state, pariah state, renegade province? The answer depends very much on the viewpoint of the observer.
The regime's ever-shrinking rump state, consisting of Damascus and the coast, was almost totally encircled by the evening of December 7th