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Retraining is the process of learning or teaching new skills, or known skills in new ways.Upskilling is the process of improving skills in a current role, whereasreskilling develops new skills for new roles.[1] Retraining may be a business priority that companies or organizations conduct on a regular basis, in order to avoidpersonnel obsolescence due to technological changes, as well as to refresh the knowledge base of its personnel. Retraining may also indicate the repetition of a prior training.
Retraining may be in the form ofrefresher training, undertaken to refresh memory and ensure that worker knowledge is contemporary.[2]
Upskilling means acquiring new skills, or enhancing existing skills, to enhance job performance.[3] Reskilling is the acquisition of new skills that may enable a pivot to a different career, or industry, in an evolving job market.[4] Common methods of upskilling, or retraining, and reskilling include enrolling inonline education resources,educational software, attendingtrade school programs,workplace training,on-the-job training,intelligent tutoring systems, or earning professionalcertifications.[5][6][7]
An October 2021OECD case study report,Training in Enterprises, found that employers may offer reskilling resources in order to lessen the affects of layoffs and/or to demonstrate social responsibility.[8]
The need to retrain workers is often thought to apply to older members of the workforce, many of whom saw their occupations disappear and their skills lose value, eroded by technology, outsourcing, and a weak economy. While older Americans do not face as high a rate of unemployment as the country’s teenagers and young adults, when they do find themselves unemployed, they remain unemployed for more than twice as long as teenagers.[9]
Youth in the U.S., OECD member countries, and Africa are widely impacted by skills gaps. The divide between skills possessed by the workforce and those that employers are actively seeking is significant and stagnating to employment prospects. In the United States, psychology, history and the performing arts make up 22% of college degrees earned. Demand for skilled employees, however, is in the areas of technology and engineering, accounting for only 5% of conferred degrees to 2014.[10] “In both Britain and the United States, many people with expensive liberal arts degrees are finding it impossible to get decent jobs,” reported theEconomist in its April 27, 2013 issue, adding that, in northern Africa, job applicants with degrees face an unemployment level twice that of non-degreed candidates.[11]
While technology anxiety and a nervousness about learning new processes and acquiring new skill sets has impacted older workers,[12] younger job seekers are also facing a deficit of "applied soft skills" such as work ethic, social skills, communication and leadership.[13]
TheWorld Economic Forum (WEF)Future of Jobs Report 2025 predicts that about 39% of existing workforce skill sets will either transform or become outmoded during 2025-2030, noting a marked uptick in worker retraining, reskilling or upskilling measures, over the previous two years.[14] According to the WEF report, since 2021, a third of global jobs reflect fundamental skill changes, with 25% of jobs seeing 75% of required skills changed.[4]
The need for greater partnership and transfer of information between institutions of higher education is essential in reducing the skills gap for old and young people alike.[11] Expanded internships, returnships,[15] and post-hiring training can help from the employers’ perspective[13] and upgraded and more authentic technical training will help close the gap on the side of educators.[11] TheWorld Bank's 2019World Development Report on the future of work explains that flexible learning opportunities at universities and adult learning programs that allow workers to retrain and retool are vital in order for labor markets to adjust to the future of work.[16]
There is some controversy surrounding the use of retraining to offset economic changes caused byfree trade andautomation. For example, most studies show that displaced factory workers in the United States on the average have lower wages after retraining to other positions when a factory is closed due tooffshoring. A similar issue surrounds movement from technical jobs toliaison jobs due tooffshore outsourcing. Such changes may also favor certainpersonality types over others, due to the changing tasks and skills required.[citation needed] Other research estimates that one academic year of such retraining at a community college increases the long-term earnings by about 8%for older males and by about 10% for older females.[17]
Government policy may make a difference inemployability and motivation for retraining and re-entry into the workforce for older workers. In economies with greater regulations surrounding the hiring, termination and wages, reductions in unemployment were difficult to achieve. The very groups harmed by continued higher unemployment were those that the regulations sought to protect.[18]
Retraining is sometimes offered as part ofworkfare programs, which may include support for transportation, childcare, or an internship.[19]
Retraining older and younger workers alike to prepare for a changing workforce has lasting impacts on workers. Unemployed workers are at significantly greater risk for poor physical health, greater stress, alcoholism, marital problems and even suicide.[20] Among young workers, beginning their careers with extended bouts of joblessness results in lower overall earnings and more unemployment throughout their careers.[11]
