Repetition is the simple repeating of a word, within a short space of words (including in apoem), with no particular placement of the words to secure emphasis, within a short space of words. It is a multilinguistic written or spoken device, frequently used in English and several other languages, such as Hindi and Chinese, and so rarely termed afigure of speech, making it a multilinguistic written or spoken device. Repetition in some cases is seen as undesirable.[1]
Its forms, many of which are listed below, have varying resonances to listing (forms ofenumeration, such as "Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Firstly and lastly..."), as a matter of trite logic often similar in effect.[clarification needed]
Today, as never before, the fates of men are so intimately linked to one another that adisaster for one is adisaster for everybody.
— A verse fromThe Little Virtues, 1962 byNatalia Ginzburg, with repetition ofdisaster
Antimetabole is the repetition of words in successive clauses, but in transposed order.
"I know what I like, and I like what I know."
Tautology is superfluous and simple repetition of the same sense in different words.
"The children gathered in a round circle."
Antanaclasis is the repetition of a word or phrase to effect a different meaning.
"We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately." (Benjamin Franklin)
Epizeuxis orpalilogia is the repetition of a single word or phrase, with no other words in between. This is derived from Greek for "fastening together".[2]
Conduplicatio is the repetition of a word in various places throughout a paragraph.
"And the world said, 'Disarm, disclose, or face serious consequences'—and therefore, we worked with the world, we worked to make sure that Saddam Hussein heard the message of the world."[3] (George W. Bush)
Anadiplosis is the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause. The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence.[4]
"This, it seemed to him, was the end, the end of a world as he had known it..." (James Oliver Curwood)
Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of every clause. It comes from the Greek phrase "carrying up or back".[5]
"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender!" Here the words "we shall" are repeated[6] (Winston Churchill)
Epistrophe is the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of every clause.
Mesodiplosis is the repetition of a word or phrase at the middle of every clause.
"We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair; persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed..." (Second Epistle to the Corinthians)
Diaphora is the repetition of a name, first to signify the person or persons it describes, then to signify its meaning. In modern English it has become the standard form ofsyntax in the example of the personal possessive pronouns given below.[7]
Diacope is repetition of a word or phrase with one or two words between each repeated phrase.
The life that I have Is all that I have And the life that I have Is yours. The love that I have Of the life that I have Is yours and yours and yours. A sleep I shall have A rest I shall have Yet death will be but a pause. For the peace of my years In the long green grass Will be yours and yours and yours.
Polyptoton is the repetition of a word derived from the same root in different grammatical forms. In inflected languages, this commonly refers to the repetition of a single word in different grammatical cases.
"Diamond me no diamonds, prize me no prizes" (Alfred, Lord Tennyson,Lancelot and Elaine).
H. W. Fowler andF. G. Fowler adopted the term "elegant variation" inThe King's English (1906) referring to the use ofsynonyms to avoid repetition or to add variety. In their meaning of the term, they focus particularly on instances when the word being avoided is anoun or itspronoun. Pronouns are themselves variations intended to avoid awkward repetition, and variations are so often not necessary, that they should be used only when needed. The Fowlers recommend that "variations should take place only when there is some awkwardness, such as ambiguity or noticeable monotony, in the word avoided".[1]
^Until 19th century British English the near-universal form for expressing the last recorded words ofSaints Sergius and Bacchus without extra stress, now widely deprecated as terse and/or archaic, would be, "For yours are not Gods, (but) (they) (are) man-made idols". The words in brackets expressing options commonly used. In colloquial British English and in much non British-English, the usual form would be "Yours aren't Gods, they're man-made idols". Separately, the extra, clear connotation achieved by this diaphora quoted, of which those listening aware of Abrahamic religious would know, is that all Gods (pluralistic Gods) are idols so rejected by any monotheistic religion.
