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Recognized |
Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage |
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Myanmar does not recognisesame-sex marriage orcivil unions. Burmese law recognises different family laws for its four main religions,Buddhism,Christianity,Islam andHinduism, none of which permit same-sex unions.[1]
On 18 November 2013, a man and atransgender woman were married inMawlamyine, drawing "harsh criticism and threats in the local community and from authorities".[2] In March 2014, a same-sex couple, Myo Min Htet and Tin Ko Ko, held a wedding ceremony inYangon in traditional Burmese clothing after having lived together for 10 years.[3][4] The marriage was performed in front of 200 friends and family members, but lacks legal recognition in Myanmar.The Diplomat called the ceremony "a huge victory for the country's LGBT community, considering the climate of harassment and oppression of marginalized groups under theformer military junta".[5] It triggered backlash from social conservatives, who queried why the anti-homosexuality laws had not been enforced against the couple.[6] Indeed, same-sex sexual relations are outlawed in Myanmar under a colonial-era law introduced during the time of theBritish Raj.[7] In May 2024, a lesbian couple were married at apride parade inChiang Mai inThailand. "This is an opportunity we cannot get in our country," said the couple, who cited Myanmar's laws and the "frequent abuse, discrimination and imprisonment" under themilitary junta that came to power after the2021 coup d'état as their reasons for fleeing Myanmar.[8]
Similarly toIndia, Myanmar has different family laws according to the religion or community of the spouses, originating due to Myanmar's former status as part of the British Raj. TheMyanmar Customary Law (Burmese:မြန်မာ့ဓလေ့ထုံးတမ်းဥပဒေ,Myanmar Dhalaehtonetam Upaday) is the law that applies to allBuddhists.[9] It mainly concerns family matters such asmarriage,divorce, matrimonial rights andinheritance. TheMyanmar Customary Law is not a written, enacted law, but rather has been developed by the courts, individual pieces of legislation (such as theBuddhist Women's Special Marriage Law), and some principles ofDhammathats, general principles in accordance with modern customs and habits of Buddhists. Customary law requires that in order to form a valid Buddhist marriage:[9] the man must have attained puberty; the woman must be above twenty years of age, except if a widow, a divorcée, or has obtained her parents' or guardians' consent; the spouses must give their mutual and free consent to become husband and wife; the spouses parties must be mentally competent; the woman should not already be married; and if there is no marriage ceremony, the couple must openly live together as husband and wife.
Family laws for Myanmar's three other officially recognised religions,Christianity,Islam andHinduism, do not recognise same-sex marriages. These personal laws largely consist ofcase law, although there are some pieces of legislation which have been passed by the variousparliaments of Myanmar, based on similar laws passed in British India during the colonial period.[1]The Christian Marriage Act, 1872 states that a Christian marriage may be solemnised "by any person who has received episcopal ordination, providedthat the marriage be solemnized according to the rules, rites, ceremonies and customs of the Church of which he is a Minister", and requires that "the age of the man intending to be married shall exceed sixteen years, and the age of the woman intending to be married shall exceed thirteen years".[10] Islamic family law consists of court precedents, requiring that "every Muslim of sound mind and having reached the age of majority may enter into a contract of marriage, in the presence of the witnesses." A Muslim woman who is under 18 years of age and not less than 16 years of age may enter into a contract of marriage with the agreement of her legal guardians.[11]
TheSpecial Marriage Act, 1872 (အထူးထိမ်းမြားခြင်းဆိုင်ရာအက်ဥပဒေ ၁၈၇၂,Aahtuu Htaimmyarrhkyinn Sineraraaatupaday 1872) provides for marriages "between persons neither of whom professes the Christian or theJewish, or the Hindu or the Muhammadan, or the Parsi or the Buddhist, or the Sikh or theJaina religion or between persons each of whom professes one or other of the following religions, that is to say, the Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh or Jaina religion". The act allows forinterfaith marriages, and does not explicitly forbid same-sex marriages. However, it generally assumes that the spouses are not of the same sex. With regard to whom may marry, the act states that "the man must have completed his age of eighteen years, and the woman her age of fourteen years, according to the Gregorian calendar".[12] Today, many young couples apply to marry in front of a judge or a magistrate, and swear an oath and sign affidavits stating their eligibility and intention to marry.[9] Same-sex couples do not have access to the legal rights, benefits and obligations of marriage, includingadoption and inheritance rights, among others.[9] In November 2013, human rights activistAung Myo Min called for the legalization of same-sex marriage, "All people have their own rights. They have right to get married to whoever they want. Men can marry men, women can marry women. This is their private right."[2] The legalisation ofsame-sex marriage in Thailand received some media coverage in Myanmar.[13][14]
