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Random access (also calleddirect access) is the ability to access an arbitrary element of a sequence in equal time or any datum from a population ofaddressable elements roughly as easily and efficiently as any other, no matter how many elements may be in the set. Incomputer science it is typically contrasted tosequential access which requires data to be retrieved in the order it was stored.
For example, data might be stored notionally in a single sequence like a row, in two dimensions like rows and columns on a surface, or in multiple dimensions. However, given all the coordinates, a program can access each record about as quickly and easily as any other. In this sense, the choice of datum is arbitrary in the sense that no matter which item is sought, all that is needed to find it is its address, i.e. the coordinates at which it is located, such as its row and column (or its track and record number on amagnetic drum). At first, the term "random access" was used because the process had to be capable of finding records no matter in which sequence they were required.[1] However, soon the term "direct access" gained favour because one could directly retrieve a record, no matter what its position might be.[2] The operative attribute, however, is that the device can access any required record immediately on demand. The opposite issequential access, where a remote element takes longer time to access.[3]
A typical illustration of this distinction is to compare an ancientscroll (sequential; all material prior to the data needed must be unrolled) and thebook (direct: can be immediately flipped open to any arbitrarypage). A more modern example is a cassette tape (sequential — one must fast forward through earlier songs to get to later ones) and aCD (direct access — one can skip to the track wanted, knowing that it would be the one retrieved).
Indata structures, direct access implies the ability to access any entry in alist inconstant time (independent of its position in the list and of the list's size). Very few data structures can make this guarantee other thanarrays (and related structures likedynamic arrays). Direct access is required, or at least valuable, in many algorithms such asbinary search,integer sorting, or certain versions ofsieve of Eratosthenes.[4]
Other data structures, such aslinked lists, sacrifice direct access to permit efficient inserts, deletes, or re-ordering of data.Self-balancing binary search trees may provide an acceptable compromise, where access time is not equal for all members of a collection, but the maximum time to retrieve a given member grows onlylogarithmically with its size.