ThePrinceton theology was a tradition of conservativeReformed andPresbyterian theology atPrinceton Theological Seminary lasting from the founding of that institution in 1812 until the 1920s,[1] after which, due to the increasing influence oftheological liberalism at the school, the last Princeton theologians left to foundWestminster Theological Seminary. The appellation has special reference to certain theologians, fromArchibald Alexander toB. B. Warfield, and their particular blend of teaching, which together with itsOld School PresbyterianCalvinist orthodoxy sought to express a warmevangelicalism and a high standard of scholarship. W. Andrew Hoffecker argues that they strove to "maintain a balance between the intellectual and affective elements in the Christian faith."[2]
By extension, thePrinceton theologians include those predecessors ofPrinceton Theological Seminary who prepared the groundwork of that theological tradition, and the successors who tried, and failed, to preserve the seminary against the inroads of a program to better conform that graduate school to "broad evangelicalism", which was imposed upon it by thePresbyterian Church in the United States of America.
William Tennent Sr. of theLog College,Gilbert Tennent andWilliam Tennent Jr. of theCollege of New Jersey, andJonathan Edwards ofPrinceton University are considered predecessors to the Princeton theologians.Archibald Alexander,Charles Hodge,A. A. Hodge, andB. B. Warfield were major figures promoting the Princeton theology. The quarterly journalBiblical Repertory, later renamed thePrinceton Review, was an important publication promoting this school.Albert Baldwin Dod,Lyman Hotchkiss Atwater,[3] andJohn Breckinridge[4] were frequent contributors of this journal.Geerhardus Vos,J. Gresham Machen,Cornelius Van Til,Oswald T. Allis,Robert Dick Wilson, andJohn Murray were notable successors of the Princeton theologians. Of these, only Machen and Wilson represented the American Presbyterian tradition that was directly influenced by the Princeton theology. Vos and Van Til wereDutch Reformed. Murray was a Scot, but a student under Machen at Princeton who later followed him toWestminster Theological Seminary. Murray and Van Til were both ministers in theOrthodox Presbyterian Church, which Machen founded.
Mark Noll, an evangelicalecclesiastical historian, sees the "grand motifs" of the Princeton theology as being "Devotion to the Bible, concern for religious experience, sensitivity to the American experience, and full employment ofPresbyterian confessions, seventeenth-century Reformed systematicians, and theScottish philosophy of Common Sense."[3] Allegiance to the Bible as the supreme norm was common in the 19th century, and not a distinctive of the Princeton theologians. Princeton was, however, distinguished by the academic rigor with which it approached the Bible. Alexander and his successors sought to defend the doctrines they found in the Bible against rival claims from learned scholars. Charles Hodge saw faithfulness to the Bible as the best defense againsthigher criticism as well as the overly experiential focus ofFriedrich Schleiermacher.[5]
Princeton theologians saw themselves in the line ofReformed Protestantism stretching back toJohn Calvin. The dogmatics ofFrancis Turretin, aReformed scholastic of the 17th century, was the primary textbook of theology at Princeton. In a world which increasingly valued the new over the old, these theologians preferred the theological systems of the 16th and 17th centuries. The variousReformed confessions were viewed as harmonious voices of a common theological tradition, which the theologians held as simply a distillation of the teaching of the Bible.[6]
