Prince Romerson | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1840 Hawaii Island, Kingdom of Hawaii |
| Died | March 30, 1872(1872-03-30) (aged 31–32) Fort Griffin, Texas, United States |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | United States Union |
| Branch | Union navy Union army United States Army |
| Service years | 1863–72 |
| Rank | Sergeant |
| Unit | 5th Regiment Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry 25th United States Infantry Regiment |
| Conflicts | American Civil War American Indian Wars |
Prince Romerson (c. 1840 – March 30, 1872) was aUnion army soldier ofNative Hawaiian descent. One of the "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War", he was among a group of more than 100 documented Native Hawaiian and Hawaii-born combatants who fought in theAmerican Civil War while theKingdom of Hawaii was still an independent nation.
Living in the American Northeast before the war, Romerson enlisted in theUnion navy in 1863 as part of theBlockading Squadrons responsible for maintaining theblockade of the ports of theConfederacy. After being discharged from naval service, he reenlisted in the Union army under the5th Regiment Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry, aUnited States Colored (USCT) regiment, and was promoted to the rank ofsergeant on June 1, 1864. Romerson fought with the 5th USCC until the end of the war. Illness prevented him from continuing with his regiment's reassignment toClarksville, Texas, and he was mustered out in 1865. After the war, like many former USCT veterans, he remained in the army on the frontier as one of theBuffalo Soldiers. He died in 1872.
Romerson's military career shows the diverse attitudes of officers to the Native Hawaiians and people of color who served on segregated units during and shortly after the Civil War. In 2010, the Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War were commemorated with a bronze plaque erected along the memorial pathway at theNational Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific inHonolulu.
After the outbreak of theAmerican Civil War, KingKamehameha IV declared theKingdom of Hawaii's neutrality on August 26, 1861.[1] Despite this stance of neutrality, manyNative Hawaiians and Hawaii-born Americans (mainly descendants of American missionaries) abroad and in the islands acted independently and enlisted in the military regiments of various states in theUnion and theConfederacy. Native Hawaiian participation in American wars was not unheard of; Native Hawaiians had served in the United States Navy and Army since theWar of 1812, and even more fought during the American Civil War.[2] There were varying reasons for joining the war. Hawaiians abroad often sought economic gains and adventures through their enlistment. These included the unemployed sailors on whaling ships who joined theUnion navy and sailors on whaling ships captured by the Confederate Navy who served on theCSSShenandoah. There was also an ideological sympathy for the cause of the war. Many Hawaiians sympathized with the Union because of Hawaii's ties toNew England through missionaries and the whaling industry, and the opposition of many people in the islands toslavery.[3][4][5]
Prince Romerson was born around 1840, but little is known about his life before the war. There is no indication that his first name denotes any royal status, and his surname was often listed as "Robinson". Different versions of his enlistment records noted his birthplace as "Owyhee, Sandwich Island" (theisland of Hawaii[note 1]), or "India".[6][7] There is also disagreement over his ethnicity. Some Filipino historians have claimed him as one of their own, and he is included in lists of Filipino American Civil War combatants.[8][9][10]
Romerson worked as a barber before his enlistment in 1863. It is thought that he came to the United States as a sailor aboard a merchant or whaling ship in the Pacific; Hawaiian sailors were highly regarded in the 18th- and 19th-century maritime industry and sought out as crew members.[4] Regardless, it is known that Romerson was living in New York prior to joining the Navy. Probably helped by his experience at sea, he enlisted on January 22, 1863, as alandsman in the Union navy. He served onUSS Wamsutta andUSS Mercedita as part of theBlockading Squadrons, responsible for maintaining theblockade of the ports of the Confederate States.[11]
After serving in the Navy for a year, Romerson joined as a private in Company M of the5th Regiment Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry.[12][13] Led by Lieutenant Cornelius Kaler, Company M was the last be mustered in on May 5, 1865.[14][15] Like most Native Hawaiians who participated in the war, Romerson was assigned to thecolored regiments probably because of his dark skin color and the military's segregation policy.[4][5][16] Romerson is one of the few Hawaiian soldiers of the Civil War whose real name is known; many combatants served under anglicized pseudonyms (nom de guerre) because they were easier for English-speaking Americans to pronounce thanHawaiian names. They were often registered askanakas, the 19th-century term for Hawaiians andPacific Islanders, with the "Sandwich Islands" (i.e. Hawaii) noted as their place of origin.[4] Serving in the same regiment was another Hawaiian soldier named Charles Heatley.[17]
HistorianRuthanne Lum McCunn noted, "The military records of Hawaii-born Prince Romerson reveal both his service [with] the US and the diverse attitudes of officers toward people of color."[18] Romerson was quickly promoted tosergeant on June 1, 1864, possibly because he was literate.[11] Romerson fought with his regiment at theSecond Battle of Petersburg and took part in the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign, better-known as thesiege of Petersburg. He also served as a guard for the Union prison camp for Confederates atCamp Lookout, Maryland. Between the Union victory atAppomattox and the 5th Regiment's reassignment toClarksville, Texas, Romerson fell ill and was sent to the Corps d'Afrique USA General Hospital inNew Orleans on July 8, 1865. Never recovering sufficiently to rejoin his regiment, he was transferred to De Camp USA General Hospital,Davids Island, New York, before being mustered out on October 9, 1865.[11][15][19]
In the post-war period, Romerson sought to rejoin the military, and in 1867 he enlisted in the 39th United States Infantry Regiment at the reduced rank of private. The 39th later consolidated with the 40th to create the25th United States Infantry Regiment. A racially segregated unit of the United States Army, its personnel were dubbed "Buffalo Soldiers" and included many Civil War veterans from colored regiments such as the 5th USCC. Romerson served in the 25th for a full three-year term fighting in theAmerican Indian Wars along the Texas frontier. He died on March 30, 1872, possibly atFort Griffin, where he was initially buried. On May 11, 1872, he was re-interred at theSan Antonio National Cemetery.[11]
Prince Romerson's service in the war illustrated one of the many examples of Hawaiian recruits assigned to segregated regiments and the diverse attitude towards them. McCunn noted, "Indisputable is his commitment to honorable service."[11] After the war, the military service of Hawaiians, including Prince Romerson and many others, was largely forgotten, disappearing from the collective memories of the American Civil War and the history of Hawaii. In recent years, Hawaiian residents, historians, and descendants of Hawaiian combatants in the conflict have insisted on the need to remember "our boys from Hawaii". Renewed interest in the stories of these individuals and this particular period of Hawaiian-American history has inspired efforts to preserve the memories of the Hawaiians who served in the war.[20] On August 26, 2010, on the anniversary of the signing of the Hawaiian Neutrality Proclamation, a bronze plaque was erected along the memorial pathway at theNational Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu recognizing these Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War, the more than 100 documented Hawaiians who served during the American Civil War for both the Union and the Confederacy.[20][21]As of 2014, researchers have identified 119 documented Native Hawaiian and Hawaii-born combatants from historical records. The exact number still remains unclear because many Hawaiians enlisted and served under anglicized pseudonyms, and little is known about them due to the lack of detailed records.[22][23][24]
In 2015, the sesquicentennial of the end of the American Civil War, theNational Park Service released a publication entitledAsians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War. It concerned the service of the large number of combatants of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who fought during the war. The history of Hawaii's involvement and the biographies of Romerson and others were written by historians Ruthanne Lum McCunn, Anita Manning and Justin Vance.[25][26]
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