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.jpg) A Burmese depiction of hungry ghosts (pyetta) | |
| Creature information | |
|---|---|
| Other name | Hungry ghost |
| Grouping | Legendary creature |
| Sub grouping | Nocturnal,revenant |
| Similar entities | Ancestor spirits,krasue |
| Folklore | Indian religions Chinese folk religion Taoism Vietnamese folk religion |
| Origin | |
| Region | East,South andSoutheast Asia |
| Habitat | Hinduism Shmashanas orcemeteryBuddhism Hungry Ghost Realm |
| Translations of Preta | |
|---|---|
| Pali | पेत (peta) |
| Burmese | ပြိတ္တာ (MLCTS:peiʔtà) |
| Chinese | 餓鬼 (Pinyin:Èguǐ) |
| Japanese | 餓鬼 (Rōmaji:Gaki) |
| Khmer | ប្រេត (UNGEGN:Praet) |
| Korean | 아귀 (RR:Agui) |
| Lao | ເປດ (/pʰèːt/) |
| Mon | ပြိုတ် ([[prɒt]]) |
| Mongolian | ᠪᠢᠷᠢᠳ (birid) |
| Shan | ၽဵတ်ႇ ([phet2]) |
| Sinhala | ප්රේත (pretha) |
| Tagalog | Pleta |
| Tibetan | ཡི་དྭགས་ (yi dwags) |
| Thai | เปรต (RTGS:pret) |
| Vietnamese | ngạ quỷ |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
Preta (Sanskrit:प्रेत,Standard Tibetan:ཡི་དྭགས་yi dags), also known ashungry ghost, is theSanskrit name for a type ofsupernatural being described inHinduism,Buddhism,Taoism, andChinese folk religion as undergoingsuffering greater than that of humans, particularly an extreme level of hunger and thirst.[1]
Preta is often translated into English as "hungry ghost" from the Chinese and East Asian adaptations. In early sources such as thePetavatthu, they are much more varied. The descriptions below apply mainly in this narrower context.
The development of the concept of the preta started with just thinking that it was the soul and ghost of a person once they died, but later the concept developed into a transient state between death and obtaining karmic reincarnation in accordance with the person's fate.[2] In order to pass into the cycle of karmic reincarnation, the deceased's family must engage in a variety of rituals and offerings to guide the suffering spirit into its next life.[2] If the family does not engage in these funerary rites, which last for one year, the soul could remain suffering as a preta for the rest ofeternity.[2]
Pretas are believed to have been false, corrupted, compulsive, deceitful, jealous or greedy people in a previous life. As a result of theirkarma, they are afflicted with aninsatiable hunger for a particular substance or object. Traditionally, this is something repugnant or humiliating, such ascadavers orfeces, though in more recent stories, it can be anything, however bizarre.[3] In addition to having insatiable hunger for an aversive item, pretas are said to have disturbing visions.[4] Pretas and human beings occupy the same physical space and while humans looking at a river would see clear water, pretas see the same river flowing with an aversive substance; common examples of such visions include pus and filth.[4]
Preta have their origins inIndian religions and have been adopted intoEast Asian religions via the spread of Buddhism. Through the belief and influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in much of Asia,preta figure appear prominently in the cultures of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.
The Sanskrit termप्रेतpreta means "departed, deceased, a dead person", frompra-ita, literally "gone forth, departed".In Classical Sanskrit, the term refers to the spirit of any dead person, but especially before the obsequial rites are performed,but also more narrowly to a ghost or evil being.[5]
The Sanskrit term was taken up in Buddhism to describe one of six possible states of rebirth.
The Chinese termegui (餓鬼), literally "starving ghost", is thus not a literal translation of the Sanskrit term.
Pretas are invisible to the human eye, but some believe they can be discerned by humans in certain mental states. They are described as human-like, but with sunken, mummified skin, narrow limbs, enormously distended bellies and long, thin necks. This appearance is a metaphor for their mental situation: they have enormous appetites, signified by their gigantic bellies, but a very limited ability to satisfy those appetites, symbolized by their slender necks.[citation needed]
Pretas are often depicted inJapanese art (particularly that from theHeian period) ofGaki-Zoshi asemaciated human-like creatures with bulging stomachs with dependable size and rather thin throats. They are frequently shown licking up spilled water in temples, accompanied bydemons (specificallyoni), desperately begging to humans, and scavenging things, or winding up in severe pain representing their personal agony. Otherwise they may be shown asballs of smoke or fire. Often, pretas are usually depicted naked and while others wearsfundoshi.[citation needed]
In Cambodia, a special femalepreta is known as agrák, a malevolent spirit believed to be the spirit of a corrupt old woman named Yey Plang (យាយប្លង់) who was in charge of preparing food for the royal family and for monks in temples near theroyal palace during the reign ofKing Monivong between 1927 and 1941.[6]
Pretas dwell in the waste and desert places of the earth, and vary in situation according to their pastkarma. Some of them can eat a little, but find it very difficult to find food or drink. Others can find food and drink, but find it very difficult to swallow. Others find that the food they eat seems to burst into flames as they swallow it. Others see something edible or drinkable and desire it but it withers or dries up before their eyes. As a result, they are always hungry.[citation needed]
In addition to hunger, pretas suffer from immoderate heat and cold; they find that even the moon scorches them in the summer, while the sun freezes them in the winter.[citation needed]
The types of suffering are specified into two main types of pretas, those that live collectively, and those that travel through space.[7] Of the former, there are three subtypes, the first being pretas who suffer from external obscurations.[7] These pretas suffer constant hunger, thirst or temperature insensitivity.[7] The second type of pretas are those who suffer from internal obscurations, who have small mouths and large stomachs.[7] Often, their mouths are so small that they cannot eat enough food to fill the large space in their stomachs and thus remain constantly hungry.[7] The last of the three subtypes are pretas that suffer from specific obscurations like creatures who live on and eat their bodies.[7] The other broad category of pretas that travel through time and space are always scared and have a tendency to inflict pain on others.[7]
The sufferings of the pretas often resemble those of the dwellers inhell, and the two types of being are easily confused. The simplest distinction is that beings in hell are confined to their subterranean world, while pretas are free to move about.
Pretas are generally seen as little more than nuisances to mortals unless their longing is directed toward something vital, such as blood or flesh. However, in some traditions, pretas try to prevent others from satisfying their own desires by means ofmagic, illusions, or disguises. They can also turn invisible or change their faces to frighten mortals.
Generally, however, pretas are seen as beings to be pitied. Thus, in some Buddhist monasteries, monks leave offerings of foods, beverages, incenses, lights, fruits or flowers to them before meals.
In addition, there are many festivals around Asia that commemorate the importance of hungry ghosts or pretas and such festivals exist in Tibetan Buddhist tradition as well as Chinese Taoist tradition.[8] Countries such as China, Cambodia, Tibet, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, and Malaysia engage in hungry ghost festivals, and in China this is usually on the 15th day of the 7th lunar month according to their calendar.[9] Many rituals involve burning symbolized material possessions, such asjoss paper (in the form of money, clothes, gadgets, transportation, estates, accommodation, luxuries, etc.) thus linking the concept of the preta with the deceased's materialism in their lifetime.[9] Though many pretas or hungry ghosts cling to their material possessions during their human lifetime, some other ghosts represented in the festivals long for their loved ones during their human life.[9] During the festivals, people give offerings to the spirits and hope for blessings from their ancestors in return.[9] Thus, the hungry ghost festivals commemorating the pretas are a natural part of some Asian cultures and are not limited to only Hindu or Buddhist belief systems.
InHinduism, pretas consist only ofvāyu (air) andakaśa (aether), two of thefive great elements (classical elements) which constitutes a body on Earth (others beingprithvī [earth],jala [water] andagni [fire]). There are other forms as per thekarma or "actions" of previous lives where a soul takes birth in humanoid bodies with the absence of one to three elements. Jiva or soul/spirit is bound to take rebirth after death in a body composed of five or more elements. A soul in transient mode is pure and its existence is comparable to that of adeva (god) but in the last form of physical birth. The elements exceptakaśa as defined is the common constituent throughout the universe and the remaining four are common to the properties of the planets, stars and afterlife places such as theunderworld. This is the reason that Pretas cannot eat or drink as the rest of the three elements are missing and no digestion or physical intake is possible for them.[citation needed]
Pretas are crucial elements of Hindu culture, and there are a variety of very specific funerary rituals that the mourning family must engage in to guide the deceased spirit into its next cycle of karmic rebirth.[10] Rice balls, which are said to symbolize the body of the deceased, are offered from the mourning family to the preta[10] whose spirit is often symbolized by a clay mound somewhere in the house.[11] These rice balls are offered in three sets of 16 over one year, which is the amount of time it takes for a preta to complete its transformation into its next phase of life.[10] The rice balls are offered to the preta because in this transient state between cremation and rebirth, the preta is said to undergo intense physical suffering.[12] The three stages are the impure sixteen, the middle sixteen and the highest sixteen that occur over the course of the mourning period.[10] After the physical body of the deceased is cremated, the first six rice balls are offered to ghosts in general, while the next ten are offered specifically to the preta or the spirit of the person who just died.[10] These ten rice balls are said to help the preta form its new body which is now the length of a forearm.[10] During the second stage, sixteen rice balls are offered to the preta, as through each stage of grief it is believed that pretas become even hungrier.[10] At the last and final stage, the preta is said to have a new body, four rice balls are offered and five spiritual leaders of Brahmans are fed so that they can symbolize digesting the sins of the deceased during their life.[10]
While there are specific steps that guide the preta into its new life, during the mourning process, the deceased's family must undergo a series of restrictions to assist the preta and ease its suffering.[12] In Indian cultures, food and digestion is symbolic as it separates the food essential for digestion from the waste products, and thus the same logic is applied to sins of the deceased in their living relatives eating and digesting the symbolic rice balls.[12] In engaging in these rituals, the chief mourner of the deceased individual is the symbolic representation of the spirit or preta.[12] During the period of mourning, the chief mourner can only eat one meal a day for the first eleven days following the death, and also not sleep on a bed, engage in sexual activity or any personal grooming or hygiene practices.[12]
In general in Buddhist tradition, a preta is considered one of the six forms of existence (Gods, demigods, humans, animals, ghosts and hell beings) once a person dies and is reborn.[4]
InChina,Taiwan and otheroverseas Chinese communities, preta is translated asegui (Chinese:餓鬼, lit: "hungry ghost"), which descends from theMiddle Chinese pronunciation ofngaH kjwɨjX (Chinese:餓鬼, lit: "hungry ghost"). Many Chinese Buddhist rituals performed both daily as well as throughout the year typically contain sections where the various types ofegui and spirits are summoned and provided nourishment in the form of food offerings and Buddhist teachings and precepts. One example is theMengshan Shishi rite (蒙山施食, lit: "Mengshan food bestowal"), which is commonly performed as part of thedaily evening liturgy in most Chinese Buddhist temples.[13][14] Another key rite that is often performed is theYujia Yankou ritual (瑜伽燄口, lit: "Yoga Flaming-Mouth Food Bestowal"), which is commonly performed during or at the end of regular religious temple events such as theShuilu Fahui ceremony, repentance rites,Buddha recitation retreats, the dedication of a new monastic complex, gatherings for the transmission ofmonastic vows or theYulanpen Festival.[15]
In Japan, preta is translated asgaki (Japanese:餓鬼, lit: "hungry ghost"), a borrowing fromMiddle ChinesengaH kjwɨjX (Chinese:餓鬼, lit: "hungry ghost"). Since 657, various Japanese Buddhist traditions have observed a special day in mid-August to remember thegaki. Through such offerings and remembrances (segaki), it is believed that the hungry ghosts may be released from their torment. Variations in the ritual proceedings of segaki rites also exist between different Japanese Buddhist traditions. In the modernJapanese language, the wordgaki is often used to mean spoiled child, or brat.
In Thailand,pret (Thai:เปรต) arehungry ghosts of the Buddhist tradition that have become part of theThai folklore. They are described as being abnormally tall with tiny mouths, able to emit a high-pitched sound that only by monks or shamans can hear. Elders often tell children not to swear or be rude to their parents, lest they become pret in the afterlife.[16]
InSri Lankan culture, like in other Asian cultures, people are reborn aspreta (peréthaya) if they desired too much in life: their large stomachs can never be filled because they have small mouths.[17]
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