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The Nuclear Technology Portal

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Introduction

This symbol of radioactivity is internationally recognized.

Nuclear technology is technology that involves thenuclear reactions ofatomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies arenuclear reactors,nuclear medicine andnuclear weapons. It is also used, among other things, insmoke detectors andgun sights. (Full article...)
Nuclear power is the use ofnuclear reactions to produceelectricity. Nuclear power can be obtained fromnuclear fission,nuclear decay andnuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclearfission ofuranium andplutonium innuclear power plants. Nucleardecay processes are used in niche applications such asradioisotope thermoelectric generators in some space probes such asVoyager 2. Reactors producing controlledfusion power have been operated since 1958 but have yet to generate net power and are not expected to be commercially available in the near future. (Full article...)
Anuclear weapon is anexplosive device that derives its destructive force fromnuclear reactions, eithernuclear fission (fission or atomic bomb) or a combination of fission andnuclear fusion reactions (thermonuclear weapon), producing anuclear explosion. Both bomb types release large quantities ofenergy from relatively small amounts ofmatter.(Full article...)

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The following are images from various nuclear technology-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1TheSuperphénix, closed in 1998, was one of the few FBRs (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 2SovietOTR-21 Tochka missile. Capable of firing a 100-kiloton nuclear warhead a distance of 185 km (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 3Protest in Bonn against thenuclear arms race between the US/NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981 (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 4The "curve of binding energy": A graph of binding energy per nucleon of common isotopes. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 5This view of downtownLas Vegas shows amushroom cloud in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearbyNevada Test Site. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 6An example of an induced nuclear fission event. A neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, which in turn splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and free neutrons. Though both reactors andnuclear weapons rely on nuclear chain reactions, the rate of reactions in a reactor is much slower than in a bomb. (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 7The status of nuclear power globally (click for legend) (fromNuclear power)
Image 8Mushroom cloud from the explosion ofCastle Bravo, the largest nuclear weapon detonated by the US, in 1954 (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 9Thecooling towers of thePhilippsburg Nuclear Power Plant in Germany (fromNuclear fission)
Image 10Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of naturaluranium ore over time (fromNuclear power)
Image 11A schematic nuclear fission chain reaction. 1. A uranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron and fissions into two new atoms (fission fragments), releasing three new neutrons and some binding energy. 2. One of those neutrons is absorbed by an atom ofuranium-238 and does not continue the reaction. Another neutron is simply lost and does not collide with anything, also not continuing the reaction. However, the one neutron does collide with an atom of uranium-235, which then fissions and releases two neutrons and some binding energy. 3. Both of those neutrons collide with uranium-235 atoms, each of which fissions and releases between one and three neutrons, which can then continue the reaction. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 12Diablo Canyon – a PWR (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 13TheChicago Pile, the first artificial nuclear reactor, built in secrecy at the University of Chicago in 1942 during World War II as part of the US'sManhattan Project (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 14The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power atEBR-1 atArgonne National Laboratory-West (now theIdaho National Laboratory), December 20, 1951. (fromNuclear power)
Image 15Nuclear fuel assemblies being inspected before entering apressurized water reactor in the United States (fromNuclear power)
Image 16The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to anuclear power plant. After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). Innuclear reprocessing, 95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (fromNuclear power)
Image 17A photograph ofSumiteru Taniguchi's back injuries taken in January 1946 by a US Marine photographer (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 18Over 2,000 nuclear explosions have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The black dot indicates the location of theVela incident. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 19Anti-nuclear weapons protest march in Oxford, 1980 (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 20The two basicfission weapon designs (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 21Drawing of the first artificial reactor,Chicago Pile-1 (fromNuclear fission)
Image 22The launching ceremony ofUSS Nautilus January 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach theNorth Pole. (fromNuclear power)
Image 23Three of the reactors atFukushima I overheated, causing the coolant water todissociate and led to the hydrogen explosions. This along with fuelmeltdowns released large amounts ofradioactive material into the air. (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 24Primary coolant system showingreactor pressure vessel (red),steam generators (purple),pressurizer (blue), and pumps (green) in the three coolant loopHualong One pressurized water reactor design (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 25Themushroom cloud of theatomic bomb dropped onNagasaki, Japan, on 9 August 1945 rose over 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) above the bomb'shypocenter. An estimated 39,000 people were killed by the atomic bomb, of whom 23,145–28,113 were Japanese factory workers, 2,000 were Korean slave laborers, and 150 were Japanese combatants. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 26Themulti-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), used in several space missions such as theCuriosity Mars rover (fromNuclear power)
Image 27Treatment of the interior part of aVVER-1000 reactor frame atAtommash (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 28The town ofPripyat abandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and theChernobyl New Safe Confinement arch in the distance (fromNuclear power)
$Image 29Reactor decay heat as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused the Fukushima accident. (from Nuclear power)$
Image 29Reactordecay heat as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused theFukushima accident. (fromNuclear power)
Image 30Scaled-down model ofTOPAZ nuclear reactor (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 31Ballistic missile submarines have been of great strategic importance for the United States, Russia, and other nuclear powers since they entered service in theCold War, as they can hide fromreconnaissance satellites and fire their nuclear weapons with virtual impunity. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 32TheTorness nuclear power station – an AGR (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 33TheLeibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Switzerland (fromNuclear power)
Image 34Some of theChicago Pile Team, includingEnrico Fermi (leftmost man front row) andLeó Szilárd (rightmost man middle row) (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 35Typical composition ofuranium dioxide fuel before and after approximately three years in theonce-through nuclear fuel cycle of aLWR (fromNuclear power)
Image 36Proportions of the isotopesuranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and inenriched uranium for different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, whileCANDU reactors work with natural uranium. (fromNuclear power)
Image 37The number of nuclear warheads by country in 2024, based on an estimation by theFederation of American Scientists (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 38A comparison oflevelized cost of energy (LCOE) over time for nuclear power and other sources. While wind turbines and solar panels can be mass-produced and thus enjoylearning curve effects, nuclear are almost always one-of-a-kind projects due to the limited number of reactors being built. The source of this chart,Our World in Data notes that the costs presented here is the globalaverage, and these costs were driven up by 2 projects in the United States. The organization recognises that themedian cost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South KoreanAPR1400, remained "constant", including in export. (fromNuclear power)
Image 39Lise Meitner andOtto Hahn in their laboratory (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 40NC State's PULSTAR Reactor is a 1 MW pool-typeresearch reactor with 4% enriched, pin-type fuel consisting of UO₂ pellets inzircaloy cladding (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 41TheTrinity test of theManhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, which ledJ. Robert Oppenheimer to recall verses from theHindu scriptureBhagavad Gita: "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one "... "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds". (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 42TheIgnalina Nuclear Power Plant – a RBMK type (closed 2009) (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 43Overhead view of the core of the RA-3 Research and Production Reactor (CNEA,Argentina) (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 44Anti-nuclear protest nearnuclear waste disposal centre atGorleben in northern Germany (fromNuclear power)
Image 45Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated byIPCC (fromNuclear power)
Image 46The first nuclear weapons weregravity bombs, such as the "Fat Man" weapon dropped onNagasaki, Japan. They were large and could only be delivered byheavy bomber aircraft (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 47Montage of an inert test of a United StatesTrident SLBM (submarine launched ballistic missile), from submerged to theterminal, or re-entry phase, of themultiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 48Following the 2011Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the world's worstnuclear accident since 1986, 50,000 households were displaced afterradiation leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (fromNuclear power)
Image 49TheMagnox Sizewell A nuclear power station (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 50AMinuteman III ICBM test launch fromVandenberg Air Force Base, United States.MIRVed land-basedICBMs are considered destabilizing because they tend to put a premium onstriking first. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 51Schematic of theITER tokamak under construction in France (fromNuclear power)
Image 52Nuclear waste flasks generated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) inNew Mexico. The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (fromNuclear power)
Image 53The nuclear fission display at theDeutsches Museum inMunich. The table and instruments are originals, but would not have been together in the same room. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 54TheCalder Hall nuclear power station in the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station (fromNuclear power)
Image 55The now decommissioned United States'Peacekeeper missile was anICBM developed to replace theMinuteman missile in the late 1980s. Each missile, like theheavier lift RussianSS-18 Satan, could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development ofMIRVs was to make completemissile defense difficult for an enemy country. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 56A demilitarized,commercial launch of the RussianStrategic Rocket Forces R-36ICBM; also known by the NATO reporting name:SS-18 Satan. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highestthrow weight missile delivery system ever built. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 57Ukrainian workers use equipment provided by the USDefense Threat Reduction Agency to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 58TheCANDU Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 59A visual representation of an induced nuclear fission event where a slow-moving neutron is absorbed by the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom, which fissions into two fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and additional neutrons. Most of the energy released is in the form of the kinetic velocities of the fission products and the neutrons. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 60The US has been counting on private industry to lead in fusion power, while more recently China's government has made fusion a national priority. In 2025, $2.1 billion was poured into a single Chinese state-owned fusion company, an amount two and a half times the U.S. Energy Department's annual fusion budget. (fromNuclear power)
Image 61TheIkata Nuclear Power Plant, apressurized water reactor that cools by using a secondary coolantheat exchanger with a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to largecooling towers (fromNuclear power)
Image 62Death rates per unit of electricity production for different energy sources (fromNuclear power)
Image 63Dry cask storage vessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (fromNuclear power)
Image 64Fission product yields by mass forthermal neutron fission ofuranium-235,plutonium-239, a combination of the two typical of current nuclear power reactors, anduranium-233, used in thethorium cycle (fromNuclear fission)
Image 65In thermal nuclear reactors (LWRs in specific), the coolant acts as a moderator that must slow the neutrons before they can be efficiently absorbed by the fuel. (fromNuclear reactor)
Image 66Otto Hahn andLise Meitner in 1912 (fromNuclear fission)
Image 67The basics of theTeller–Ulam design for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 68Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry andradiopharmaceutical refinement is conducted within remote-handledhot cells. (fromNuclear power)
Image 69The stages of binary fission in a liquid drop model. Energy input deforms the nucleus into a fat "cigar" shape, then a "peanut" shape, followed by binary fission as the two lobes exceed the short-rangenuclear force attraction distance, and are then pushed apart and away by their electrical charge. In the liquid drop model, the two fission fragments are predicted to be the same size. The nuclear shell model allows for them to differ in size, as usually experimentally observed. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 70UN vote on adoption of theTreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons on July 7, 2017
  Yes
  No
  Did not vote
(fromNuclear weapon)
Image 71Animation of aCoulomb explosion in the case of a cluster of positively charged nuclei, akin to a cluster of fission fragments.Hue level of color is proportional to (larger) nuclei charge. Electrons (smaller) on this time-scale are seen only stroboscopically and the hue level is their kinetic energy. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 72TheUSSR and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout theCold War until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991. (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 73Edward Teller, often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb" (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 74Induced fission reaction. Aneutron is absorbed by auranium-235 nucleus, turning it briefly into an exciteduranium-236 nucleus, with the excitation energy provided by the kinetic energy of the neutron plus theforces that bind the neutron. The uranium-236, in turn, splits into fast-moving lighter elements (fission products) and releases several free neutrons, one or more "promptgamma rays" (not shown) and a (proportionally) large amount of kinetic energy. (fromNuclear fission)
Image 75Demonstration against nuclear testing inLyon, France, in the 1980s (fromNuclear weapon)
Image 76Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It was the firstEPR, a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (fromNuclear power)

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Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the first artificialnuclear reactor. On 2 December 1942, the first human-made self-sustainingnuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 during an experiment led byEnrico Fermi. The secret development of the reactor was the first major technical achievement for theManhattan Project, theAllied effort to createnuclear weapons duringWorld War II. Developed by theMetallurgical Laboratory at theUniversity of Chicago, CP-1 was built under the west viewing stands of the originalStagg Field. Although the project's civilian and military leaders had misgivings about the possibility of a disastrous runaway reaction, they trusted Fermi's safety calculations and decided they could carry out the experiment in a densely populated area. Fermi described the reactor as "a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers".

After a series of attempts, the successful reactor was assembled in November 1942 by a team of about 30 that, in addition to Fermi, included scientistsLeo Szilard (who had previously formulated an idea fornon-fission chain reaction),Leona Woods,Herbert L. Anderson,Walter Zinn,Martin D. Whitaker, andGeorge Weil. The reactor used natural uranium. This required a very large amount of material in order to reach criticality, along with graphite used as aneutron moderator. The reactor contained 45,000ultra-pure graphite blocks weighing 360short tons (330tonnes) and was fueled by 5.4 short tons (4.9 tonnes) ofuranium metal and 45 short tons (41 tonnes) ofuranium oxide. Unlike most subsequent nuclear reactors, it had no radiation shielding or cooling system as it operated at very low power – about one-half watt; nonetheless, the reactor's success meant that a chain reaction could be controlled and thenuclear reaction studied and put to use.

The pursuit of a reactor had been touched off by concern thatNazi Germany had a substantial scientific lead. The success of Chicago Pile-1 in producing the chain reaction provided the first vivid demonstration of the feasibility of the military use of nuclear energy by the Allies, as well as the reality of the danger that Nazi Germany could succeed in producing nuclear weapons. Previously, estimates of critical masses had been crude calculations, leading to order-of-magnitude uncertainties about the size of a hypothetical bomb. The successful use of graphite as a moderator paved the way for progress in the Allied effort, whereasthe German program languished partly because of the belief that scarce and expensiveheavy water would have to be used for that purpose. The Germans had failed to account for the importance ofboron andcadmium impurities in the graphite samples on which they ran their test of its usability as a moderator, while Leo Szilard and Enrico Fermi had asked suppliers about the most common contaminations of graphite after a first failed test. They consequently ensured that the next test would be run with graphite entirely devoid of them. As it turned out, both boron and cadmium were strongneutron poisons.

In 1943, CP-1 was moved toSite A, a wartime research facility near Chicago, where it was reconfigured to become Chicago Pile-2 (CP-2). There, it was operated for research until 1954, when it was dismantled and buried. The stands at Stagg Field were demolished in August 1957 and amemorial quadrangle now marks the experiment site's location, which is now aNational Historic Landmark and aChicago Landmark.(Full article...)

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Credit: James E. Westcott

A billboard encouraging secrecy amongst Oak Ridge workers

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Did you know?

... that the Russian and Belarussian military exerciseZapad 2009 involved nuclear-capable ballistic missiles?
... that the1991 Andover tornado narrowly avoided hitting two warplanes equipped with nuclear warheads?
... thata forest in northern Wisconsin was subject to nuclear-radiation testing in the 1970s?
... thatProject Carryall proposed the detonation of 23 nuclear devices in California to build a road?
... that theManhattan Project feed materials program used uranium ore from a mine in Canada near the Arctic Circle?
... that the area ofCultybraggan Camp has been a royal hunting ground, a prison for fervent Nazis and the site of an underground bunker intended for use in a nuclear war?

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Robert Rathbun Wilson (March 4, 1914 – January 16, 2000) was an Americanphysicist known for his work on theManhattan Project duringWorld War II, as asculptor, and as an architect of theFermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), where he was the first director from 1967 to 1978.

A graduate of theUniversity of California, Berkeley, Wilson received his doctorate under the supervision ofErnest Lawrence for his work on the development of thecyclotron at the BerkeleyRadiation Laboratory. He subsequently went toPrinceton University to work withHenry DeWolf Smyth onelectromagnetic separation of theisotopes of uranium. In 1943, Wilson and many of his colleagues joined theManhattan Project'sLos Alamos Laboratory, where Wilson became the head of its Cyclotron Group (R-1), and later its Research (R) Division.

After the war, Wilson briefly joined the faculty ofHarvard University as an associate professor, then went toCornell University as professor of physics and the director of its new Laboratory of Nuclear Studies. Wilson and his Cornell colleagues constructed four electronsynchrotrons. In 1967 he assumed directorship of the National Accelerator Laboratory, subsequently known asFermilab. He managed to complete the facility on time and under budget, but at the same time made it aesthetically pleasing, with a main administrative building purposely reminiscent of theBeauvais Cathedral, and a restored prairie with a herd ofAmerican Bison. He resigned in 1978 in a protest against inadequate government funding.(Full article...)

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Nuclear technology news

9 February 2026 –Armenia–United States relations: Armenia and the United States reach a nuclear deal, outlining aSection 123 Agreement and up toUS$9 billion in totalexports to Armenia related tonuclear energy.(Reuters)
5 February 2026 –International sanctions against North Korea,United Nations and North Korea: TheUN Security Council Sanctions Committee on North Korea approves exemptions for 17 humanitarian projects inNorth Korea, allowinginternational organizations andnon-governmental groups to deliverhumanitarian aid despite existing restrictions linked tothe country's nuclear program.(Reuters)
5 February 2026 –Russia–United States relations: New START, the last treaty onlimiting strategic nuclear weapons betweenRussia and the United States, expires.(BBC News)(swissinfo)

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Related portals

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Related topics

Nuclear technology

Science

Chemistry
Engineering
Physics
Atomic nucleus
Fission
Fusion
Radiation {Cesium 137}
- ionizing
- braking

Imaging	RadBall Scintigraphy Single-photon emission (SPECT) Positron-emission tomography (PET)
Therapy	Fast-neutron Neutron capture therapy of cancer Targeted alpha-particle Proton-beam Tomotherapy Brachytherapy Radiation therapy Radiosurgery Radiopharmacology

Weapons

Topics	Arms race Delivery Design Disarmament Ethics Explosion effects History Proliferation Testing high-altitude underground Warfare Yield TNTe
Lists	Estimated death tolls from attacks States with nuclear weapons Historical stockpiles and tests Tests Tests in the United States WMD treaties Weapon-free zones Weapons

Waste

Products	Actinide Reprocessed uranium Reactor-grade plutonium Minor actinide Activation Fission LLFP Actinide chemistry
Disposal	Fuel cycle High-level (HLW) Low-level (LLW) Repository Reprocessing Spent fuel pool cask Transmutation

Debate

Nuclear reactors

Fission

Moderator

Light water

Aqueous homogeneous
Boiling
Natural fission
Pressurized
- AP1000
- APR-1400
- APR+
- APWR
- ATMEA1
- CAP1400
- CPR-1000
- EPR
- Hualong One
  - ACPR1000
  - ACP1000
- VVER
- RITM-200
- KN-3
- VM
- IPWR-900
- many others
Supercritical (SCWR)

Heavy water
bycoolant

D₂O	Pressurized CANDU CANDU 6 CANDU 9 EC6 AFCR ACR-1000 CVTR IPHWR IPHWR-220 IPHWR-540 IPHWR-700 PHWR KWU MZFR R3 R4 Marviken
H₂O	HWLWR ATR HW BLWR 250 Steam-generating (SGHWR) AHWR
Organic	WR-1
CO₂	HWGCR EL-4 KKN KS 150 Lucens

Graphite
bycoolant

Water (LWGR)

H₂O	AM-1 AMB-X EGP-6 RBMK MKER

Gas

CO₂	Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz (UNGG) Magnox Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
He	GTMHR MHR-T UHTREX VHTR (HTGR) PBR (PBMR) AVR HTR-10 HTR-PM THTR-300 PMR

Molten-salt

Fluorides	Fuji MSR Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) TMSR-500 TMSR-LF1

None
(fast-neutron)

Breeder (FBR) Integral (IFR) Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) OK-550 BM-40A VT-1 Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) Traveling-wave (TWR) Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) Reduced-moderation (RMWR) Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
Generation IV	Sodium (SFR) BN-350 BN-600 BN-800 BN-1200 CFR-600 Phénix Superphénix PFBR FBR-600 CEFR PFR PRISM Lead BREST-300 Helium gas (GFR) Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)

Others

Fusion
byconfinement
Magnetic	Field-reversed configuration Levitated dipole Reversed field pinch Spheromak Stellarator Tokamak
Inertial	Bubble(acoustic) Fusor electrostatic Laser-driven Magnetized-target Z-pinch
Other	Dense plasma focus Migma Muon-catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric

Category
Commons

v t e Nuclear power by country
GW_e > 10	Canada China France Japan Russia South Korea Ukraine United States
GW_e > 5	Belgium India Spain Sweden United Kingdom
GW_e > 2	Czech Republic Finland Germany Pakistan Slovakia Switzerland Taiwan UAE
GW_e > 1	Argentina Belarus Brazil Bulgaria Hungary Mexico Romania South Africa
GW_e < 1	Armenia Iran Netherlands Slovenia
Planned	Albania Algeria Bangladesh Chile Egypt Ghana Indonesia Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Morocco Myanmar Nigeria North Korea Philippines Poland Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Thailand Tunisia Turkey Vietnam
Abandoned plans for new plants	Australia Austria Cuba Ireland Libya Lithuania Malaysia Portugal Syria Taiwan Venezuela
Phasing-out	Belgium(delayed) Germany Italy(already) Spain Switzerland(gradually) Taiwan
List of nuclear power stations Nuclear energy policy Nuclear energy policy by country Nuclear accidents Nuclear technology portal

Fusion power, processes and devices

Core topics

Nuclear fusion	Burning plasma Timeline List of experiments List of technologies Commercial Aneutronic

Processes,
methods

Confinement
type

Gravitational	Alpha process Triple-alpha process CNO cycle Helium flash Nova remnants Proton–proton chain Carbon-burning Lithium burning Neon-burning Oxygen-burning Silicon-burning R-process S-process
Magnetic	Field-reversed configuration Levitated dipole Magnetic mirror Bumpy torus Pinch Dense plasma focus Reversed field Theta Zeta Stellarator Tokamak Spherical Spheromak Dynomak Toroidal solenoid
Magneto-inertial	Magnetized liner Magnetized target
Inertial	Bubble (acoustic) Laser-driven Ion-driven
Electrostatic	Fusor Polywell

Other forms

Devices,
experiments

Magnetic
confinement

Tokamak

International	ITER DEMO PROTO
Americas	Tokamak de Varennes STOR-M Alcator C-Mod ARC SPARC DIII-D Electric Tokamak LTX NSTX PLT TFTR Pegasus Riggatron SSPX ETE TCABR Novillo [es]
Asia, Oceania	CFETR EAST HT-7 HH70 HL-2A HL-2M SUNIST ADITYA SST-1 JT-60 QUEST [ja] GLAST KSTAR TT-1
Europe	JET COMPASS GOLEM [cs] TFR WEST ASDEX Upgrade TEXTOR DTT FTU IGNITOR ISTTOK T-15 TCV MAST-U START STEP

Stellarator

Americas	SCR-1 CNT CTH HIDRA HSX Model C NCSX
Asia, Oceania	H-1NF Heliotron J LHD
Europe	WEGA Wendelstein 7-AS Wendelstein 7-X TJ-II Uragan-2M Uragan-3M [uk]

Levitated dipole

Pinch

Sceptre ZETA Perhapsatron
RFP	RFX MST

Field-reversed
configuration

PFRC
Colliding	C-2U, C-2W–Norman, Copernicus Grande, Venti, Trenta Trisops

Mirror

Magneto-inertial

Inertial
confinement

Laser

Americas	Argus Cyclops Janus LIFE Long path NIF Nike Nova OMEGA Shiva
Asia	SG-I SG-II [zh] SG-III SG-IV GEKKO XII
Europe	HiPER Asterix IV (PALS) LMJ LULI2000 ISKRA Vulcan

Non-laser

v t e Types ofnuclear fusion reactor
byconfinement
Magnetic	Field-reversed configuration Levitated dipole Reversed field pinch Spheromak Stellarator Tokamak
Inertial	Bubble(acoustic) Fusor electrostatic Laser-driven Magnetized-target Z-pinch
Other	Dense plasma focus Migma Muon-catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric
Nuclear fission reactors List of nuclear reactors Nuclear technology

Types ofnuclear fission reactor

Moderator

Light water

Aqueous homogeneous
Boiling
Natural fission
Pressurized
- AP1000
- APR-1400
- APR+
- APWR
- ATMEA1
- CAP1400
- CPR-1000
- EPR
- Hualong One
  - ACPR1000
  - ACP1000
- VVER
- RITM-200
- KN-3
- VM
- IPWR-900
- many others
Supercritical (SCWR)

Heavy water
bycoolant

D₂O	Pressurized CANDU CANDU 6 CANDU 9 EC6 AFCR ACR-1000 CVTR IPHWR IPHWR-220 IPHWR-540 IPHWR-700 PHWR KWU MZFR R3 R4 Marviken
H₂O	HWLWR ATR HW BLWR 250 Steam-generating (SGHWR) AHWR
Organic	WR-1
CO₂	HWGCR EL-4 KKN KS 150 Lucens

Graphite
bycoolant

Water (LWGR)

H₂O	AM-1 AMB-X EGP-6 RBMK MKER

Gas

CO₂	Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz (UNGG) Magnox Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
He	GTMHR MHR-T UHTREX VHTR (HTGR) PBR (PBMR) AVR HTR-10 HTR-PM THTR-300 PMR

Molten-salt

Fluorides	Fuji MSR Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) TMSR-500 TMSR-LF1

None
(fast-neutron)

Breeder (FBR) Integral (IFR) Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) OK-550 BM-40A VT-1 Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) Traveling-wave (TWR) Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) Reduced-moderation (RMWR) Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
Generation IV	Sodium (SFR) BN-350 BN-600 BN-800 BN-1200 CFR-600 Phénix Superphénix PFBR FBR-600 CEFR PFR PRISM Lead BREST-300 Helium gas (GFR) Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)

Others

Radiation (physics and health)

Main articles

Non-ionizing radiation	Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Starlight Sunlight Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet
Ionizing radiation	Radioactive decay Cluster decay Background radiation Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Cosmic ray Neutron radiation Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray
Earth's energy budget Electromagnetic radiation Synchrotron radiation Thermal radiation Black-body radiation Particle radiation Gravitational radiation Cosmic background radiation Cherenkov radiation Askaryan radiation Bremsstrahlung Unruh radiation Dark radiation Radiation exposure

Radiation
and health

Radiation incidents

See also the categoriesRadiation effects,Radioactivity,Radiobiology, andRadiation protection

v t e Radiation protection
Main articles	Background radiation Dosimetry Health physics Ionizing radiation Internal dosimetry Radioactive contamination Radioactive sources Radiobiology
Measurement quantities and units	Absorbed dose Becquerel Committed dose Computed tomography dose index Counts per minute Effective dose Equivalent dose Gray Mean glandular dose Monitor unit Rad Roentgen Rem Sievert
Instruments and measurement techniques	Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring Dosimeter Geiger counter Ion chamber Scintillation counter Proportional counter Radiation monitoring Semiconductor detector Survey meter Whole-body counting
Protection techniques	Lead shielding Glovebox Potassium iodide Radon mitigation Respirators
Organisations	Euratom HPS (USA) IAEA ICRU ICRP IRPA SRP (UK) UNSCEAR
Regulation	IRR (UK) NRC (USA) ONR (UK) Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
Radiation effects	Acute radiation syndrome Radiation-induced cancer
See also the categoriesMedical physics,Radiation effects,Radioactivity,Radiobiology, andRadiation protection

v t e Radiation poisoning
General	Acute Chronic Accidents Experiments Biological timeline
Conditions	Radiation burn Radiation-induced cancer Radiation-induced cognitive decline Radiation-induced lung injury
Treatments	Dose fractionation Radioresistance Radiation protection Radiation dose reconstruction

v t e Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites
Lists of disasters and incidents	Crimes involving radioactive substances Criticality accidents and incidents Nuclear meltdown accidents Military nuclear accidents Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country Nuclear weapons tests China France India North Korea Pakistan South Africa Soviet Union United Kingdom in Australia in the United States United States Sunken nuclear submarines List of orphan source incidents Nuclear power accidents by country
Individual accidents and sites	2022Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant accident 2019Nyonoksa radiation accident 2011Fukushima nuclear accident 2001Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident 1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident 1990Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 1987Goiânia accident 1986Chernobyl disaster Effects Related articles 1985Chazhma Bay nuclear accident 1985–1987Therac-25 accident 1982Andreev Bay nuclear accident 1980Kramatorsk radiological accident 1979Three Mile Island accident andThree Mile Island accident health effects 1969Lucens reactor 1962 Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll underOperation Fishbowl 1962Cuban Missile Crisis 1961K-19 nuclear accident 1961SL-1 nuclear meltdown 1957Kyshtym disaster 1957Windscale fire 1957Operation Plumbbob 1954Totskoye nuclear exercise Bikini Atoll Hanford Site Rocky Flats Plant 1945Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Related topics	International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack Books about nuclear issues Films about nuclear issues Anti-war movement Bikini Atoll Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists History of the anti-nuclear movement International Day against Nuclear Tests Nuclear close calls Nuclear-Free Future Award Nuclear-free zone Nuclear power debate Nuclear power phase-out Nuclear weapons debate Peace activists Peace movement Peace camp Russell–Einstein Manifesto Smiling Sun
Nuclear technology portalCategory