Since 2011, Libya has been involved in apolitical and humanitarian crisis, and by 2014, two rival authorities claimed to govern Libya, which led to asecond civil war, with parts of Libya split between separate governments, based inTripoli andTobruk, as well as various tribal andIslamist militias. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, and aunity government took authority to plan for democratic elections, though political rivalries continue to delay this. In March 2022, theHouse of Representatives ceased recognising theGovernment of National Unity and proclaimed an alternative government, theGovernment of National Stability (GNS). Both governments have been functioning simultaneously since then, which has led to dual power in Libya. The international community continues to recognise the unity government as the legitimate government of the country.
During theLibyan Civil War, the citychanged hands several times between rebels and pro-Gaddafi forces, with the anti-Gaddafi forces finally securing the town in April 2011. As many civilians had fled the fighting, one March 2011 report described the city as a "ghost town." (Full article...)
Image 11King Idris I announced Libya's independence on 24 December 1951, and was King until the 1969 coup that overthrew his government. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 12Australian infantry atTobruk during World War II. Beginning on 10 April 1941, theSiege of Tobruk lasted for 240 days. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 18Archaeological site ofSabratha, Libya (fromLibya)
Image 19Al Manar Royal Palace in centralBenghazi – the location of theUniversity of Libya's first campus, founded by royal decree in 1955 (fromLibya)
Image 20Territorial growth of Italian Libya: Territory ceded by Ottoman Empire 1912 (dark-green) but effectively Italy controlled only five ports (black), territories ceded by France and Britain 1919 and 1926 (light-green), territories ceded by France and Britain 1934/35 (red) (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 33Prehistoric Libyan rock paintings in Tadrart Acacus reveal a Sahara once lush in vegetation and wildlife. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 34The temple ofZeus in the ancient Greek city ofCyrene. Libya has a number of World Heritage Sites from the ancient Greek era. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 35TheSiege of Tripoli in 1551 allowed the Ottomans to capture the city from the Knights of St. John. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 43The Arch ofSeptimius Severus at Leptis Magna. The patronage of Roman emperor Septimus Severus allowed the city to become one of the most prominent in Roman Africa. (fromHistory of Libya)
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Thefirst Fatimid invasion of Egypt occurred in 914–915, soon after the establishment of theFatimid Caliphate inIfriqiya in 909. The Fatimids launched an expedition east, against theAbbasid Caliphate, under the Berber General Habasa ibn Yusuf. Habasa succeeded in subduing the cities on theLibyan coast between Ifriqiya andEgypt, and capturedAlexandria. The Fatimid heir-apparent,al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, then arrived to take over the campaign. Attempts to conquer the Egyptian capital,Fustat, were beaten back by the Abbasid troops in the province. A risky affair even at the outset, the arrival of Abbasid reinforcements from Syria and Iraq underMu'nis al-Muzaffar doomed the invasion to failure, and al-Qa'im and the remnants of his army abandoned Alexandria and returned to Ifriqiya in May 915. The failure did not prevent the Fatimids from launchinganother unsuccessful attempt to capture Egypt four years later. It was not until 969 that the Fatimidsconquered Egypt and made it the centre of their empire. (Full article...)
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