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Feminism is a range of socio-political movements andideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and socialequality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern societies arepatriarchal—they prioritize the male point of view—and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to change this include fighting againstgender stereotypes and improving educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women.
Originating in late 18th-century Europe,feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign forwomen's rights, including the right tovote,run for public office,work, earnequal pay,own property,receive education, enter intocontracts, have equal rights withinmarriage, andmaternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access tocontraception, legalabortions, andsocial integration; and to protect women and girls fromsexual assault,sexual harassment, anddomestic violence. Changes in female dress standards and acceptable physical activities for women have also been part of feminist movements.
Many scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historicalsocietal changes for women's rights, particularly inthe West, where they are near-universally credited with achievingwomen's suffrage,gender-neutral language,reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives andabortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some argue for the inclusion ofmen's liberation within its aims, because they believe that men are also harmed by traditionalgender roles.Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experiences. Feminist theorists have developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender.
Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years, representing different viewpoints and political aims. Traditionally, since the 19th century,first-waveliberal feminism, which sought political and legal equality throughreforms within aliberal democratic framework, was contrasted withlabour-basedproletarian women's movements that over time developed intosocialist andMarxist feminism based onclass struggle theory. Since the 1960s, both of these traditions are also contrasted with theradical feminism that arose from theradical wing ofsecond-wave feminism and that calls for a radical reordering of society to eliminate patriarchy. Liberal, socialist, and radical feminism are sometimes referred to as the "Big Three" schools of feminist thought.
Since the late 20th century, many newer forms of feminism have emerged. Some forms, such aswhite feminism andgender-critical feminism, have been criticized as taking into account only white, middle class, college-educated,heterosexual, orcisgender perspectives. These criticisms have led to the creation of ethnically specific ormulticultural forms of feminism, such asblack feminism andintersectional feminism. (Full article...)
| Credit: Edison Manufacturing Co. |
Annie Oakley, a 19th centurysharpshooter andexhibition shooter who performed as part ofBuffalo Bill's Wild West Show, demonstrates her rifle target skills in this 1894 film. Using a.22 caliber rifle at 90 feet (27 m), Oakley reputedly could split aplaying card edge-on and put five or six more holes in it before it touched the ground.
| [Feminism is] about women having intrinsic value as persons rather than contingent value as a means to an end for others: fetuses, children, the "family", men. |

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