Photo psychology orphotopsychology is a specialty withinpsychology dedicated to identifying and analyzing relationships between psychology and photography.^[1] Photopsychology traces several points of contact between photography and psychology.^[1]

Many forms of photography have been used in psychology including, patientportrait photographs,^[2] family photographs,^[3][4]ambiguous photographs^[5] and photographers' photographs.^[6] Forms of psychological practices using photographs include photoanalysis,^[3] phototherapy,^[4] Walker Visuals,^[5] and Reading Pictures.^[6]

At the 111thAPA convention in 2003, Joel Morgovsky, a photographer and retired psychology professor fromBrookdale Community College, inLincroft, New Jersey, alongside three other colleagues, presented a timeline of interactions between photography and psychology (see table below).^[1][7][8]

In 1856, only a couple of decades after photography began,Hugh W. Diamond, apsychiatrist at theSurrey Asylum in Surrey County, England began taking photographs of his patients to aid indiagnosing andtreating them.^{[9][10][11][12]} Since the portraits contained more information about his patients' levels ofemotion thanlanguage,definitions, orclassifications, they helped with more accurate diagnoses.^[2][12] For example,mental suffering can be categorized under vague terms such asdistress,sorrow,grief, melancholy,anguish, anddespair, but a photograph speaks for itself, precisely identifying where the patient is on the scale of unhappiness.^[2]

In sharing these portraits with the patients' themselves, Diamond found that the portraits can produce a positive effect on the patients, especially if successive portraits illustrate their progress to recovery.^[2] Onecase study conducted by Diamond revealed how a patient's portraits helped lead to acure through providing an attainable outside perspective of reality.^[2] The patientsuffered fromdelusions which consisted of supposed possession of great wealth and holding status of being aQueen.^[2] In seeing her portraits and her frequent conversations about them with her therapist, she was able to gradually let go of her former imagined status.^[2]

In addition to helping diagnose and treat his patients, Diamond also suggested that these portraits could help in protection and clear representation of patients in case of readmission; similarly to howmug shots are helpful for prisons with improving certainty of previous conviction and in recapturing someone who might have escaped.^[2]

Photoanalysis, proposed by Robert U. Akeret, is the study ofbody language in personal photographs (e.g. family photographs) to increaseself-awareness, better understandinterpersonal relationships, and more accuratelyrecollect pastepisodic events.^[3][13][14]Phototherapy, like photoanalysis, is a therapeutic technique which analyzes personal photographs and thefeelings,thoughts,memories, andassociations these photos evoke, as a way to deepeninsight and enhance communication during therapy session.^[4][15] Currently, phototherapy is being practiced by Judy Weiser inVancouver, Canada in the PhotoTherapy Center.^{[4][14][15][16]}

Walker Visuals, four 13" x 19" color, ambiguous, abstract,dreamlike, and evocative photographs, were created by psychiatrist and photographer, Joel Walker.^{[5][17][18][19]} Similarly to theRorschach test, what is perceived when looking at these photographs depends on one's own history, expectations,needs,beliefs, feelings, and what happened just before viewing the image.^[5][18] Walker created these images after observing how his patients responded to strange photos he had taken and displayed on his office wall.^[5][17] From there, Walker expended his collection to include a range of themes from positive to negative.^[5] The images act as representations of his patient's inner world which allow them to better verbalize feelings and memories.^[5][17][18] Walker visuals can be used universally across culture, language,education, andclass.^[5]

Reading Pictures is the study of photographs as reflections of the makers' personal,subjective experiences.^[6] Morgovsky, a pioneer in Reading Pictures, established six fundamentalmindsets needed for Reading Pictures:^[6][20]

1. Overcoming The Illusion of Reality (OTIR): Understand that photographs are2Drepresentations, rather than reality.^[6][20]
2. The Rule of NoAccidents (RNA): Everything in a photograph is there onpurpose; created when one makes the decision to expose a moment in time as a representation of a conscious experience.^[6][20]
3. Free Association (FA): Anattitude ofopenness to projected, emotional content of photograph.^[6][20]
4. Attribution Process (AP): Guess the cause of observed behavior; ask questions like: "What does it mean that this person would take this particular photograph, of this subject matter, from this point of view, using these methods?".^[6][20] This mindset was proposed by Fritz Heider and Harold Kelley.^[6]
5. Thematic Analysis (TA): Analyzecognitive and emotional themes that run through collections of work to construct a working model of the photographer's experiential world.^[6][20]
6. Genre and Skill Level (GSL): Take into consideration genre and skill level.^[6][20]
   • Examples of genre includelandscape,still-life,portraiture, documentary, straight, surreal, etc.^[6][20]
   • Skill level can be classified along levels of articulation (LOA):^[6][20]
     • Innocent Photographers: camera owners who take pictures on an irregular basis for chronicling family events,vacations, and special moments.^[6][20] They do not consider themselves photographers beyond a functional level and articulate themselves the least, but Reading Pictures can still be applied on the work innocents.^[6][20]
     • Amateur Photographers: people who enjoy photography, join photography societies, and obtain new and updated cameras, lenses, light sources, etc.^[6][20] These photographers are less personally expressive, since they are ofteninspired toimitate work of other photographers theyadmire, and are masked by attempting to master a technical skill.^[6][20]
     • Mature Photographers: photographers that consciously use the medium ascreative self-expression; they developed their own ways of seeing through the lens and have their own personal style, which is consistent through most of their work.^[6][20] This group is the most articulate, so reading a few photos of theirs can provide insight into their personal cognitive and emotional experience.^[6][20]

• "The Face of Madness: Hugh W. Diamond and the Origin of Psychiatric Photography" by Sander L. Gilman, Hugh W. Diamond, and John Conolly further discusses details of Diamond's contributions to photopsychology .^[21]
• "Portraits of the Insane: The Case of Dr. Diamond" by Adrienne Burrows and Iwan Schumacher is a collection of Dr. H.W. Diamond's work.^[22]
• "Phototherapy and Therapeutic Photography in a Digital Age" edited by Del Loewenthal provides a foundation of phototherapy and describes the most recent developments.^[23]
• "Review of Akeret's Photoanalysis" by Dr. Richard Chalfen, published in: Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication.^[24]
• "Photolanguage: How Photos Reveal the Fascinating Stories of Our Lives and Relationships" by Robert U. Akeret.^[25]
• John Suler's Top 10 Book Reviews & Recommended Readings For Photographic Psychology.^[26]

• Branches of psychology

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