The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004referendum on the merger ofPerm Oblast andKomi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug.[6] Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.
Perm Krai is located to the east of theEast European Plain and the western slope of the MiddleUral Mountains. 99.8% of its area is in Europe, 0.2% in Asia. The maximum length from north to south is 645 km, from west to east — almost 420 km. The borders of the region are winding and have a length of more than 2.2 thousand km.[7]
length from north to south – 645 kilometres (401 mi)
length from west to east – 417.5 kilometres (259.4 mi)
Rivers of Perm Krai belong to the Kama River Basin, the largest tributary ofVolga River. There are more than 29,000 rivers in Perm Krai. The total length of all rivers is more than 90,000 kilometres (56,000 mi).
Only two rivers in Perm Krai have lengths exceeding 500 kilometres (310 mi). They are theKama River at 1,805 kilometres (1,122 mi) and theChusovaya River, 592 kilometres (368 mi).
There are about 40 rivers with lengths from 100 to 500 kilometres (62 to 311 mi). The longest of them are:
There are also many small rivers, but some of them have historical significance, for exampleYegoshikha River, at the mouth of which the city of Perm was founded.
Perm Krai has a continental climate. Winters are long and snowy, with average temperatures in January varying from −18 °C (0 °F) in the northeast part of krai to −15 °C (5 °F) in southwest part. The record lowest recorded temperature was −53 °C (−63 °F) (in the north).[citation needed]
Perm Krai has an abundance of minerals. Oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, chromites, peat, limestone and building materials are among the many natural resources extracted.[8]
Oil in its area was first discovered in 1929 near settlement Verhnechusovskie Gorodki. Currently there are more than 180 oil and gas fields known. Among them the developed ones are: 89 oil, 2 gas and 18 both oil and gas fields. Most of them are small and based in the central and southern districts of the krai. The northern fields are less developed because the oil lies deep under salt layers.
Coal has been mined in Perm Krai for more than 200 years. For a long time it played an important role in the fuel and energy balance in the region. Maximum mining was in 1960 when it reached 12 million tonnes. Mining then decreased and there are no exploration of new fields.
The Verkhnekamskoye deposit of potassium salts is one of the largest in the world. It is approx. 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi), and the thickness of the salt layers reaches 514 m.
In 1841 the geologicalPermian Period was named after strata of rocks from that time were found in this area.[9]
Forests cover about 71% of Perm Krai's area. Coniferous forests predominate, with deciduous forests more common in the south.There are 62 species of mammals, more than 270 species of birds, 39 species of fishes, 6 species of reptile and 9 species of amphibians.[citation needed]
Three nature reserves are located in Perm Krai:Basegi,Vishera, Preduralie.
Legislative power in the region is exercised by theLegislative Assembly of Perm Krai, which consists of 60 deputies elected by the inhabitants of the Krai for a term of five years. 30 deputies are elected from party lists (proportional system), and the remaining 30 from single-member districts (majority system). To receive seats on party lists, parties must overcome the 5% threshold (for the first convocation - 7%). The first elections of deputies to the Legislative Assembly of the Perm Krai were held on 3 December 2006.
In single-mandate constituencies, the overwhelming majority always remained with the nominees of United Russia, with victory in 20, 25, 24 and 27 out of 30 constituencies, respectively.
The Directorate of the Ministry for Internal Affairs in Perm Krai (ГУ МВД России по Пермскому краю) or the Police of Perm (Полиция Перми) is the main law enforcement agency of the government of Perm Krai,Russia. It is answerable to the regionalMVD and the governor of Perm Krai. The chief of police isYuri Valyaev.
Administratively, the krai is divided into thirty-three districts, fourteen cities of krai significance, and oneclosed administrative-territorial formation. Six administrative districts are grouped intoKomi-Permyak Okrug, which is an administrative unit with special status formed within Perm Krai as a result of the 2005 merger ofPerm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, both of which used to be thefederal subjects.
Municipally, the territories of all administrative districts and those of nine cities of krai significance are incorporated as municipal districts. The remaining five cities are incorporated as urban okrugs.
Nonferrous metallurgy is based on ore processing Verkhnekamskoye potash deposit containingmagnesium and rare metals. The factories are located inBerezniki (Titanium Magnesium Plant CorporationVSMPO) andSolikamsk (JSC Solikamsk magnesium plant).
In engineering plays an important role military production. The largest center ofengineering is Perm; manufactured aircraft and rocketengines,oil field and mining equipment, Petrol motive-powered saws, communication equipment,vessels, cable and other products. The largest enterprises areMotovilikha Plants andPerm Motors. Timber Complex edge based on the use of the richest forest resources of Prikamye. Logging facilities are located mainly in the north of the region.
According to the2021 Census, the population of Perm Krai is 2,532,405;[10] down from 2,635,276 in the2010 Census;[11] and further down from 3,099,994 recorded in the1989 Census.[12]
Total fertility rate (2024):[15] 1.51 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[16] Total — 68.52 years (male — 63.48, female — 73.49)
Death rates in some of the remote and rural areas in Perm Krai are very high, never seen before during times other than major wars or natural calamities. Just five districts out of a total of 47 have a surplus of births over death in Perm Krai. The birth rate in Perm Krai is much higher compared to other European regions. For example, the birth rate for Germany was 8.3 per 1000 in 2007. Perm as a whole is having 50% higher birth rate, and even the district with the lowest birth rate is having 20% higher BR compared to Germany. In 2008, the birth rate in Perm Krai was 8% higher than that of 2007. Close to 35.5 thousand births were recorded with the heaviest increases in City of Perm (+11%) and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (+18%). Among the districts, Kudymkar City recorded a 46% rise in birth rates for 2008 compared to 2007, while Usolsky recorded a 31% rise and Kyshertsky recorded a 29% rise. In 13 of the districts, there were more births than deaths, among them Ordynsky, Karagaysky, Kudimkar, Chernushynsky, Chaykovsky & Permsky.[17]
Numerous architectural monuments are located in the small town ofUsolye, in north of Perm Krai. Particularly important are the Saviour Cathedral, with a separate bell tower, and House ofStroganov.
There are many temples and convents in Perm Krai. The most significant of them are:Belogorsky Convent located in 85 km from Perm, Sludskaya Church, Fedosievskaya Church,Perm Mosque and others.
Ordinsky is home to theOrda underwater caves. Located near Orda village in Perm region, Ural, Orda Cave is also the biggest underwater gypsum crystal cave in the world.
^Федеральный конституционный закон №1-ФКЗ от 25 марта 2004 г «Об образовании в составе Российской Федерации нового субъекта Российской Федерации в результате объединения Пермской области и Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа», в ред. федерального конституционного закона №1-ФКЗ от 12 апреля 2006 г. (Federal Constitutional Law #1-FKZ of 25 March 2004On Establishment Within the Russian Federation of a New Federal Subject of the Russian Federation as a Result of the Merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #1-FKZ of 12 April 2006. ).
^Назаров, Николай Николаевич (2006).География Пермского края: учебное пособие [Geography of the Perm Region: a textbook] (in Russian) (Ч. I. Природная (физическая) география ed.). Пермь: Пермский ун-т. pp. 6–7.
Законодательное Собрание Пермского края. №32-ПК 27 апреля 2007 г. «Устав Пермского края». (Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. #32-PK 27 April 2007Charter of Perm Krai. ).
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