Pembina, North Dakota | |
|---|---|
 Building and water tower in Pembina | |
| Motto: "Oldest Settlement in the Dakota Territories" | |
 Location of Pembina, North Dakota | |
| Coordinates:48°58′01″N97°14′51″W / 48.96694°N 97.24750°W /48.96694; -97.24750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| County | Pembina |
| Founded | 1797 (Officially 1843) |
| Area | |
• Total | 0.81 sq mi (2.11 km2) |
| • Land | 0.81 sq mi (2.09 km2) |
| • Water | 0.0077 sq mi (0.02 km2) |
| Elevation | 791 ft (241 m) |
| Population | |
• Total | 512 |
• Estimate (2022)[4] | 504 |
| • Density | 634.6/sq mi (245.03/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central (CST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 58271 |
| Area code | 701 |
| FIPS code | 38-61580 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1036216[2] |
| Website | cityofpembina.org |
Pembina (/ˈpɛmbɪnə/ ⓘ) is a city inPembina County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 512 at the2020 census.[3] Pembina is located 2 miles (3.2 km) south of theCanada–US border.Interstate 29 passes on the western side of Pembina, leading north to the Canada–US border atEmerson, Manitoba and south to the cities ofGrand Forks andFargo. ThePembina–Emerson Border Crossing is the busiest betweenSurrey–Blaine, andWindsor–Detroit, and the fifth busiest along the Canada-United States border.[citation needed] It is one of three 24-hourports of entry inNorth Dakota, the others beingPortal andDunseith.[5] TheNoyes–Emerson East Border Crossing, located 2 miles (3.2 km) to the east on theMinnesota side of theRed River, also processed cross-border traffic until its closure in 2006.
The area of Pembina was long inhabited by various Indigenous peoples. At the time of 16th century French exploration and fur trading, historical Native American tribes included theLakota (Sioux, as the French called them), theChippewa (Ojibwe), and theAssiniboine. The British/CanadianHudson's Bay Company (HBC) established afur-trading post on the site of present-day Pembina in 1797, and it is the oldest European-American community inthe Dakotas.[6] The first permanent HBC-sponsored settlement in Pembina started in 1812.[6] Prior to theTreaty of 1818, Pembina was inRupert's Land, the HBC's trading territory. The treaty transferred the Red River Valley south of the49th parallel to the United States, but until 1823, both the United States and the British authorities believed Pembina was north of the 49th and therefore still in Rupert's Land. That yearUnited States Army MajorStephen H. Long's survey of the 49th parallel revealed Pembina's location to be just south of the Rupert's Land–United States border.[7] Pembina was officially founded in 1843.[8] In 1851, the US established its first post office in present-day North Dakota in Pembina.[9] Pembina was the most populous place in North Dakota according to the 1860 census. Pembina served as county seat from 1867 to 1911, being designated as a town in 1885.[8]
The namePembina derives from anOjibwe word forViburnum edule, a bushy plant with bright red berries which grows in the area.[10] Nineteenth-century journal-writers and observers translated the word as "summer berry" or "high cranberry".[11]
The Pembina area was historically at the borders of the territories of theLakota, theChippewa, and theAssiniboine,American Indian tribes, who competed for hegemony. Their conflict increased beginning with the French introduction of firearms in the late 17th century as part of their goods traded for furs. The first known European] visitors to the Pembina region were the FrenchLa Vérendrye family in the early 18th century.[citation needed]
Pembina's recorded history of European encounter extended for more than 200 years. Started by the French as afur trading post for commerce with Native Americans, it was also tied to trade forplains bison. European trappers who hunted in theRed River of the North area frequently married Native women and often lived with local tribes at least part of the year. Their descendants became part of their hunting and trapping culture, and formed the ethnic group recognized in Canada asMétis people.[citation needed]
The settlement was associated with the histories ofFrench Canada, theNorth West Company (NWC), theHudson's Bay Company (HBC), theRed River Colony,Battle of Seven Oaks, theRed River Rebellion,Assiniboia, andManitoba. Through much of the nineteenth century, Métis families used the two-wheeledRed River ox cart trains to travel into the Great Plains, where the men would hunt bison and women would process the meat, skins, and bones.[12] All parts were used for clothing, tepees, etc. Their regular trade routes became known as theRed River Trails. This area was part of the United States'Dakota andMinnesota territories; andCanada–US border politics.
Due to the unrest among Native Americans of theRed River Valley after theAmerican Civil War, theMinnesota Legislature petitionedCongress to build a fort, especially to defend against incursions by the Lakota (Sioux), some of whom had migrated toRupert's Land to evade the US Army.
As a result, Major GeneralWinfield Scott Hancock recommended the establishment of the post on December 8, 1869; Fort Pembina was completed on July 8, 1870. Located1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) south of the settlement, it was just above the mouth of the Pembina River. It was originally called Fort Thomas, for Major GeneralGeorge Henry Thomas, who died on March 28, 1870. The post was designated as Fort Pembina on September 6, 1870. Seriously damaged by fire on May 27, 1895, it was abandoned on August 16, 1895. It was later sold at public auction.[17]
The Métis had a very strong connection with Pembina during the 19th century. Individual and groups of bison hunters and goods traders were based in Pembina. In 1818, with the help of Father Dumoulin, the Roman Catholic Church created a mission in Pembina with the goal of converting buffalo hunters and other Native Americans to Catholicism. The records show a clear engagement among the Métis with Catholicism; Father Dumoulin baptised 394 people before the closure of the mission in 1823, and Assomption Catholic Church recorded 166 burials between 1848 and 1892 (with 147 being either French or English/Scottish Métis.)[18]
In 1962,Winnipeg based coach bus manufacturerMotor Coach Industries opened its U.S. assembly line in Pembina.[19]
Pembina was officially designated as a city in 1967.[8]
The noted American authorLouise Erdrich has represented thePembina River and thePembina Band of the Ojibwe Indians on theTurtle Mountain Reservation in numerous works of fiction. In the past several books, the Pembina have celebrated their unique heritage[citation needed].
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Despite its small size, Pembina maintained a television station,KCND-TV channel 12, from 1960 to 1975. The station was aborder blaster primarily targetingWinnipeg from as close to the border as possible; whensimultaneous substitution rules took effect in the early 1970s, Canadian interests bought the intellectual property of the station and relocated it to Winnipeg, where it was relicensed by the Canadian government asCKND-TV channel 9, and has operated there ever since. Channel 12 in Pembina was rechristened in 1986 as KNRR, a satellite ofKVRRFargo.[citation needed]
Its population in federal censuses has never exceeded 1,000.[citation needed]
Motor Coach Industries had planned to close its Pembina factory in late 2022 after moving production to parent companyNFI Group's plant inCrookston, Minnesota,[20] but reversed their decision in November 2023.[21]
Pembina is in the far northeastern corner of the North Dakota, at the confluence of theRed River of the North and thePembina River. The city ofSt. Vincent, Minnesota, lies adjacent to the east, across the Red River. The town of Emerson, Manitoba, lies just north of the city on the other side of the international border.
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.77 square miles (1.99 km2), all land.[22]
Pembina experiences a dry winterhumid continental climate (KöppenDwb).[23]
| Climate data for Pembina, North Dakota (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1898–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 50 (10) | 61 (16) | 75 (24) | 99 (37) | 106 (41) | 103 (39) | 109 (43) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 93 (34) | 78 (26) | 62 (17) | 109 (43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 37.0 (2.8) | 38.5 (3.6) | 52.1 (11.2) | 71.0 (21.7) | 85.0 (29.4) | 88.8 (31.6) | 89.3 (31.8) | 90.7 (32.6) | 86.2 (30.1) | 75.5 (24.2) | 53.7 (12.1) | 39.3 (4.1) | 93.3 (34.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 12.7 (−10.7) | 17.9 (−7.8) | 31.4 (−0.3) | 50.0 (10.0) | 64.9 (18.3) | 74.7 (23.7) | 78.9 (26.1) | 78.1 (25.6) | 68.6 (20.3) | 52.0 (11.1) | 33.6 (0.9) | 19.5 (−6.9) | 48.5 (9.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 4.0 (−15.6) | 8.2 (−13.2) | 22.2 (−5.4) | 39.5 (4.2) | 53.3 (11.8) | 63.9 (17.7) | 67.9 (19.9) | 66.0 (18.9) | 56.7 (13.7) | 42.2 (5.7) | 25.8 (−3.4) | 11.6 (−11.3) | 38.4 (3.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −4.8 (−20.4) | −1.6 (−18.7) | 12.9 (−10.6) | 28.9 (−1.7) | 41.7 (5.4) | 53.1 (11.7) | 57.0 (13.9) | 53.9 (12.2) | 44.9 (7.2) | 32.3 (0.2) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 3.6 (−15.8) | 28.3 (−2.1) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −28 (−33) | −23.5 (−30.8) | −12.5 (−24.7) | 12.3 (−10.9) | 26.0 (−3.3) | 38.7 (3.7) | 45.0 (7.2) | 41.8 (5.4) | 30.6 (−0.8) | 17.1 (−8.3) | −1.7 (−18.7) | −19.2 (−28.4) | −30.2 (−34.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −48 (−44) | −46 (−43) | −39 (−39) | −12 (−24) | 9 (−13) | 22 (−6) | 33 (1) | 25 (−4) | 12 (−11) | −2 (−19) | −39 (−39) | −44 (−42) | −48 (−44) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 0.53 (13) | 0.39 (9.9) | 0.77 (20) | 1.07 (27) | 3.23 (82) | 4.06 (103) | 3.32 (84) | 2.56 (65) | 2.78 (71) | 1.83 (46) | 0.91 (23) | 0.64 (16) | 22.09 (561) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 7.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 11.1 | 13.3 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 6.8 | 9.0 | 104.0 |
| Source:NOAA[24][25] | |||||||||||||
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 287 | — | |
| 1890 | 670 | 133.4% | |
| 1900 | 929 | 38.7% | |
| 1910 | 717 | −22.8% | |
| 1920 | 802 | 11.9% | |
| 1930 | 551 | −31.3% | |
| 1940 | 703 | 27.6% | |
| 1950 | 640 | −9.0% | |
| 1960 | 625 | −2.3% | |
| 1970 | 741 | 18.6% | |
| 1980 | 673 | −9.2% | |
| 1990 | 642 | −4.6% | |
| 2000 | 642 | 0.0% | |
| 2010 | 592 | −7.8% | |
| 2020 | 512 | −13.5% | |
| 2022 (est.) | 504 | [4] | −1.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[26] 2020 Census[3] | |||
As of thecensus of 2010, there were 592 people, 237 households, and 156 families residing in the city. Thepopulation density was 768.8 inhabitants per square mile (296.8/km2). There were 279 housing units at an average density of 362.3 per square mile (139.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.1%European American, 0.5%African American, 0.3%Native American, 1.0%Asian, 1.4% fromother races, and 2.7% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 237 households, of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% weremarried couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.17.
The median age in the city was 40.6 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.4% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.
As of thecensus of 2000, there were 642 people, 250 households, and 177 families residing in the city. The population density was 843.1 inhabitants per square mile (325.5/km2). There were 274 housing units at an average density of 359.8 per square mile (138.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.57%European American, 0.16%African American, 0.47%Native American, 0.47%Asian, 1.56% fromother races, and 0.78% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 1.87% of the population.
There were 250 households, out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% weremarried couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.4% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $55,536, and the median income for a family was $59,722. Males had a median income of $35,250 versus $26,125 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $20,278. About 4.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.[citation needed]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Municipalities and communities ofPembina County, North Dakota,United States | ||
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