Pacific Highway New South Wales
View of the Pacific Highway from Wattley Hill Road, New South Wales (c. 2007)
General information
Type	Highway
Length	779 km (484 mi)[1]
Gazetted	August 1928(NSW, as Main Road 10)[2] December 1930(QLD)[3]
Route number(s)	M1(Brunswick Heads–Glenugie) A1(Glenugie–Raleigh) M1(Raleigh–Port Macquarie) A1(Port Macquarie–Hexham) A43(Hexham–Mayfield West, Newcastle West–Doyalson) B83(Kariong–Wahroonga) A1(Wahroonga–Artarmon) Concurrency: A38(Roseville–Chatswood)
Former route number	SeeFormer route numbers
Major junctions
Brunswick Heads toWarabrook
North end	Pacific Motorway
	Bruxner Highway Big River Way Big River Way Waterfall Way Oxley Highway New England Highway Newcastle Inner City Bypass Industrial Drive
South end	Maitland Road
Wickham toTuggerah, thenOurimbah toWyoming
Northeast end	Stewart Avenue
	Newcastle Inner City Bypass Central Coast Highway Motorway Link
Southwest end	Mann Street
Kariong toNorth Sydney
North end	Wisemans Ferry Road
	Cumberland Highway Pacific Motorway Mona Vale Road Ryde Road Gore Hill Freeway Lane Cove Tunnel
South end	Warringah Freeway
Location(s)
Major settlements	Ballina,Central Coast,Coffs Harbour,Kempsey,Port Macquarie,Newcastle,Taree,Sydney Brisbane,Gold Coast
Highway system
Highways in Australia National Highway • Freeways in Australia Highways in New South Wales

ThePacific Highway is anational highway and major transport route of 790 kilometres (490 mi)^[1] along the east coast of Australia fromSydney toBrisbane.^[1] It is an integral part ofHighway 1 which circumnavigates the Australian continent. At its inception, the highway was asingle carriageway between Sydney and Brisbane. In Australian culture and as a tourist drive, it remains so.^[4] Over time, segments of the highway have been upgraded, realigned, or renamed. Between 1996 and 2020, sections of the highway were upgraded tocontrolled-access highway (motorway) standards.^[5]

A map of Pacific Highway betweenNambucca Heads to its northern terminus, northwest ofByron Bay. Thereafter,Pacific Motorway continues north toBrisbane.
KEY

  Pacific Hwy

  New England Hwy

  Other major highways

  Other freeways/motorways/expressways

The Pacific Highway is divided into the following sections:

• Brisbane to the New South Wales–Queensland border: This section has been completely replaced by thePacific Motorway.
• Queensland border to Brunswick Heads: Upgraded to motorway standard under the 1996 Upgrade Masterplan and renamed the Pacific Motorway in 2013.
• Brunswick Heads to Hexham: Converted to dual carriageway or freeway standard, with works completed in 2020 as part of the 1996 Upgrade Masterplan.
• Hexham to Wahroonga: Replaced as the main national route by the Pacific Motorway (also known as the Sydney–Newcastle Freeway and formerly the F3 Freeway). This occurred progressively between 1965 and 1993.
• Wahroonga to Sydney CBD: Remains a divided metropolitan road, formerly part of the Metroad system. A motorway alternative is provided via the M2 route, incorporating theLane Cove Tunnel,M2 Hills Motorway, andNorthConnex.

Since the most recent declaration of the highway in the April 2010 gazette, the New South Wales section of the highway is officially made up of four separate sections: Warringah Freeway, North Sydney to Gosford Interchange near Kariong; Henry Parry Drive, Wyoming to Pacific Motorway at Ourimbah Interchange; Wyong Road, Tuggerah to Hunter Street, Wickham; and Maitland Road, Warabrook to the state border with Queensland.^[6] Since February 2013, the freeway section of the highway north of Brunswick Heads is also concurrently gazetted and is named and signpostedPacific Motorway. South of here, the section between Brunswick Heads andBruxner Highway near Ballina is also signposted Pacific Motorway, however, it was not declared as such in the gazette as of February 2019, therefore it remains as only Pacific Highway in the gazette. Former sections of the highway removed from the gazette, such as between Gosford and Tuggerah, are still signposted as Pacific Highway.

Major cities and towns along Pacific Highway include:Gosford,Wyong,Newcastle,Taree,Port Macquarie,Kempsey,Coffs Harbour,Grafton,Ballina andByron Bay, all inNew South Wales; andGold Coast in Queensland.

Major river crossings include theHawkesbury,Hunter,Myall (east of Bulahdelah),Manning (south ofCoopernook),Hastings (west of Port Macquarie),Macleay (east ofFrederickton),Nambucca (nearMacksville),Bellinger (nearRaleigh),Clarence (via theHarwood Bridge nearMaclean),Richmond (at Ballina),Brunswick, andTweed rivers.

From Sydney, Pacific Highway starts as the continuation ofBradfield Highway at the northern end of theSydney Harbour Bridge, immediately north of theSydney central business district, and is the main route as far as the suburb ofWahroonga. Between the Harbour Bridge and theGore Hill Freeway atArtarmon, the highway has no route number. From Gore Hill Freeway to Wahroonga, it is designated as route A1. When theWarringah Freeway was constructed in the late 1960s, southbound traffic was diverted through North Sydney via Mount Street, and in October 1985 it was redirected via Berry Street.^[7]

From WahroongaKariong, the Pacific Highway runs mostly parallel to the freeway, before diverting through theCentral Coast viaGosford andWyong. The section from Cowan to Kariong follows a winding scenic route with speed limits of 60 or 70 km/h (37 or 43 mph).

The section of the former Pacific Highway from the Wiseman’s Ferry Road junction atKariong to theGosford exit near Brian McGowan Bridge was redesignated as theCentral Coast Highway, A49. North ofGosford, the highway continues without a route number through theCentral Coast suburbs ofOurimbah andWyong, before connecting with a spur of the Pacific Motorway nearDoyalson, signed as route A43. At this point, the Pacific Highway is signed as route A43 for most of its length, forming a four- to six-lane regional highway that passesLake Macquarie and continues through the suburbs of Lake Macquarie andNewcastle before rejoining route A1 atHexham.

FromBennetts Green toSandgate, the highway is paralleled by the Newcastle Inner City Bypass, which runs throughNew Lambton andJesmond.

From Hexham, the Pacific Highway passes through theMid North Coast andNorthern Rivers region toBrunswick Heads^[8] where it becomes thePacific Motorway continuing to Brisbane.

Former sections of the Pacific Highway were created when parts of the route were removed from the gazette definition or bypassed by new alignments. Some former sections of the Pacific Highway that were removed from the gazette definition continue to be referred to and signposted as Pacific Highway.

Between Sydney and Hexham, some sections of the highway were re-gazetted as other roads or are no longer included in the gazette definition of the Pacific Highway. However, as of January 2019, many of these roads are still referred to and signposted as the Pacific Highway.

The first two sections of the highway to be removed from the gazette was the Calga toKariong section and a section in Gosford between Racecourse Road/Etna Street and Brian McGowan Bridge in November 1996.^[9] The remaining section within Gosford, between Kariong and Brian McGowan Bridge, was re-gazetted and renamedCentral Coast Highway in August 2006.^[10][11][12] These changes resulted in the previously undivided section betweenOurimbah and Sydney to be split into two: Kariong to Sydney, and Ourimbah toWyoming.

The April 2010 gazette removed the sections between Racecourse Road/Etta Street and Henry Parry Drive/Pemmel Street in Gosford, between Ourimbah and Tuggerah, and between Hunter Street and Industrial Drive in Newcastle from the existing declaration of the highway, but redeclared the section between Calga and Kariong.^[13][14] As of January 2019^[update], this is the most recent gazette to redefine the declaration of Pacific Highway. Even though these three removed sections are not gazetted as part of Pacific Highway anymore, street signage continues to show "Pacific Highway" and maps often show both the current road name and "Pacific Highway" together.

In Queensland, Pacific Highway used to go into Brisbane, however, most sections have been renamed to other roads or highways. For example, the section of Pacific Highway between Coolangatta and Currumbin is now part ofGold Coast Highway.

Sections of the highway between Hexham and the Queensland/NSW border that were bypassed and replaced by new sections of Pacific Highway, were renamed and downgraded to local roads, and are no longer part of Pacific Highway. As the new sections are just bypasses, this meant that the section between Hexham and Queensland border is still a continuous route. Prominent bypassed sections of the highway between Hexham and the border include:

• The former 151 kilometres (94 mi) section Twelve Mile Creek and Taree throughStroud andGloucester, with the new route over mostly dirt roads gazetted in 1952.^[15] The affected roads were upgraded over a number of years, including the construction of major bridges to replace the low-level crossing at Nabiac and the ferry at Karuah. The upgrading of the northern section was completed first and through traffic ran temporarily over the road between Bulahdelah andBooral. The southern part from Bulahdelah to Twelve Mile Creek via Karuah was completed about 1960.^[16] The old section was later renamedBucketts Way.
• The former 39 kilometres (24 mi) section throughKempsey andFrederickton which included the site of theKempsey bus crash. This section was replaced by a new freeway bypass and bridge over theMacleay River in 2013 and 2016, and was renamed theMacleay Valley Way.^[17]
• The former 46 kilometres (29 mi) betweenEungai Creek andRaleigh viaMacksville andNambucca Way. This section was bypassed in 2016 and 2018 and was renamedGiinagay Way
• The former 55 kilometres (34 mi) section between Glenugie andMaclean viaGrafton which included the site of theGrafton bus crash. This section was replaced by a new alignment of the highway in 2020 and was renamedBig River Way.

In May 2009, the portion of theTugun Bypass (newly opened in June 2008) within New South Wales boundaries was declared as the new alignment of Pacific Highway between Tweed Heads interchange and the Queensland border. The 1-kilometre-long (0.62 mi) older bypassed alignment along Tweed Heads Bypass (opened 1992) towards the border atCoolangatta was gazetted asGold Coast Highway instead, extending the already existing Gold Coast Highway in Queensland, into New South Wales.^[18][19] The Tugun Bypass was handed over to theNSW government in June 2018.^[20] The section of the bypassed highway within Queensland borders between Stewart Road and Gold Coast Highway was officially renamed Tugun-Currumbin Road, but is signposted as Stewart Road.^[21][22]

Initially, the primary mode of transport connecting the coastal areas betweenSydney andBrisbane was by boat. However, a continuous inland route fromNewcastle to Brisbane via theNorthern Tablelands had been in existence since the 1840s. A direct coastal route between Sydney and Newcastle was not completed until 1930, and completion of the sealing of the Pacific Highway did not occur until 1958 (at Koorainghat, south ofTaree). The last of the many ferries across the coastal rivers was not superseded by a bridge until 1966 (theHarwood Bridge across the south channel of theClarence River, the north channel having been bridged in 1931).

Between 1925 and 1930 the Main Roads Board of New South Wales reconstructed and sealed a route betweenHornsby and Calga that had been abandoned some forty years earlier, to provide a direct road link between Sydney and Newcastle. In addition, a replacement route from Calga into the gorge ofMooney Mooney Creek and up to the ridge atKariong above Gosford was also required. This new Sydney–Newcastle route via Calga and Gosford was some 80 kilometres (50 mi) shorter than the previous route viaParramatta,McGraths Hill,Maroota,Wisemans Ferry,Wollombi andCessnock. At first, the old Peats Ferry was reinstated to cross theHawkesbury River, with construction of the bridge not beginning until 1938, due to theGreat Depression. Due to the onset of the Second World War, thePeats Ferry Bridge was not completed until May 1945.

The passing of theMain Roads Act of 1924^[23] through theParliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later theDepartment of Main Roads, and eventuallyTransport for NSW).Great Northern Highway was declared (as Main Road No. 9), running from North Sydney via Hornsby, Peat's Ferry, Gosford, Swansea and Newcastle to Hexham^[2] (still under construction), andNorth Coast Highway was declared (as Main Road No. 10), running from Hexham, Stroud, Gloucester, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, South Grafton, Ballina, Byron Bay, Mullumbimby, and Murwillumbah to Tweed Heads,^[2] on the same day, 8 August 1928. With the passing of theMain Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929^[24] to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, these were amended to State Highways 9 and 10 on 8 April 1929.

In Queensland, there existed a series of local roads, which could be used by early motor vehicle owners to drive from Brisbane to the state border at Tweed Heads, but these roads were not designed for cars, and hence the journey was more like an adventure, only undertaken by the experienced motorist. The railway line to Southport and Tweed Heads was the preferred mode of transport. It wasn't until 1920 when Queensland's Main Roads Board was formed that theMain South Coast Road was declared. It was declared as thePacific Highway in December 1930, although the final part of the highway (the Logan River bridge) wasn't opened until July of the next year.^[3] In New South Wales, a section of State Highway 9 (Great Northern Highway) from Hexham to Sydney, was re-declared as part of as State Highway 10; its entire length (including North Coast Highway from Hexham to the state border with Queensland, and the newly added section of Great Northern Highway) was renamedPacific Highway to match Queensland's declaration on 26 May 1931;^[25] The Great Northern Highway was truncated to meet the Pacific Highway at Hexham^[25] (and was later renamed toNew England Highway in 1933^[26][27]).

Until the 1990s most road freight between Sydney and Brisbane passed along theNew England Highway instead, due to the easier topography of the Northern Tablelands it traverses. Between 1950 and 1967, traffic on Pacific Highway quadrupled due to the attraction of coastal towns between Sydney and Brisbane for retirement living and tourism.

Two majorcoach accidents on Pacific Highway in 1989 nearGrafton (in which 21 people died) and at Clybucca nearKempsey (in which 35 people died) resulted in a public outcry over the poor quality of the road and its high fatality rate.^[28] Pacific Highway was never part of the federally funded system ofNational Highways. This appears to be because when thefederal government funding of the 'national highway' system began in 1974, the longerNew England Highway was chosen rather than Pacific Highway as the Sydney–Brisbane link, due to its easier topography and consequent lower upgrade costs.

In 1994, the Roads and Traffic Authority considered theenvironmental impact statement of a proposal for a toll road betweenCoolongolook and Possum Brush.^[29][30] The proposal was from Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation Ltd and Travers Morgan Pty Ltd.

Until December 1997, a short 3.5-kilometre (2.2 mi) section of the highway between Ourimbah and Kangy Angy was used bySydney–Newcastle Freeway traffic as there was no freeway alternative.^[31] This section of Pacific Highway was designated as part ofNational Route 1 and subsequently National Highway 1. It was also upgraded to dual carriageway in the early 1970s.^[32] Due to the shared freeway and highway traffic, the at-grade interchanges between the freeway and the highway at Ourimbah and Kangy Angy became bottlenecks during peak times. In December 1997, the Ourimbah Creek Road to Kangy Angy stage of the freeway, located 150 m west of the highway, opened to traffic.^[33] The new freeway section was one of the last sections of the freeway to be completed and was referred to as the "missing link" of the freeway.^[34] Pacific Highway was bypassed and reduced to one lane per direction, and the northbound carriageway and bridge over Ourimbah Creek north of Palmdale Road were removed. The at-grade interchange between the freeway and the highway at Kangy Angy was also removed.

The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route with varying speed limits, typically 60 or 70 km/h (37 or 43 mph). This section was damaged quite severely duringsevere weather in June 2007. Five people died when a bridge over Piles Creek collapsed and the entire section was closed due to subsidence 2 km (1.2 mi) further south. The road was reopened in 2009 when theHolt-Bragg Bridge was opened, named after the family that had perished.

The New South Wales section of Pacific Highway from Brunswick Heads to the state border with Queensland was re-declared as part ofPacific Motorway in February 2013.^[35]

The passing of theRoads Act of 1993^[36] through theParliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this Act, Pacific Highway today retains its declaration as Highway 10, across all four of its gazetted sections, from the state border with Queensland (via Pacific Motorway) to North Sydney.^[37]

Pacific Highway was signed National Route 1 across its entire length in 1955. With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, this was replaced with route M1 for sections classified as a motorway,^[8] and route A1 for sections classified as a highway (except between Hexham and Wahroonga, where it is designated route A43 through most of the Central Coast between Hexham and Doyalson, and route B83 between Kariong and Wahroonga).^[38]

The highway was heavily used by interstate traffic and its upgrade was beyond the resources of theNew South Wales government alone.^{[citation needed]} The NSW and federal governments argued for years about how the responsibility for funding the highway's upgrade should be divided between themselves, only coming up with a mutually acceptable upgrade package just after the 1996/97financial year.

As part of a joint New South Wales and federal funding arrangement and upgrade masterplan, single carriageway sections fromTweed Heads toHexham were progressively converted to freeway ordual carriageway standards commencing in 1996. At the time, the plan targeted to have Pacific Highway upgraded to dual carriageway by 2016. The strategy divided the remaining sections into three levels of priority:^[39]

• Priority 1: Tweed Heads toBallina,Port Macquarie to Hexham, Woolgoolga to Raleigh
• Priority 2: Raleigh to Port Macquarie
• Priority 3: Ballina to Woolgoolga

In the meantime, numerous sections of existing single carriageway road were upgraded by re-alignments and safety improvement work including the addition of overtaking lanes, pavement widening and median barriers. Overall the highway became safer and travelling times were substantially reduced, particularly during holiday periods.^{[citation needed]}.

The four-lane dual carriageway upgrade of the highway was completed in December 2020.^[40] Continuous dual carriageway, much of it freeway standard, now extends fromMayfield West in Newcastle to the Queensland border. As of completion, aboutA$15 billion have been invested in the upgrade by the federal and state governments, and fatalities have dropped by more than 75% since the upgrade started in 1996.^[41]

The Coffs Harbour Bypass is a 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) realignment of Pacific Highway that will bypass the city ofCoffs Harbour, including up to 12 sets of traffic lights.^[47] It is being built as a four-lane motorway with three tunnels.^[48] It is the last section of the Pacific Highway Upgrade, and is being funded by the state and federal governments. The project was granted planning approval by the state government in November 2020 and the federal government in December 2020.^[49][50] Tenders for its construction were let in June 2022, with major construction commencing in early 2023. It is expected to be open to traffic in late 2026.^[51]

The highway was upgraded to dual carriageway that is either an arterial standard (Class A) or a motorway standard (Class M). The Class M sections between Woolgoolga and Ballina are:^[52]

• Thrumster to Eungai Rail
• Congarinni to Boambee
• Woolgoolga to Halfway Creek
• Glenugie to Harwood
• Woodburn to Pimlico

Following the dual carriageway upgrade, the only remaining project of the Pacific Highway Upgrade is the Coffs Harbour Bypass.^[53] Additionally, theM1 to Raymond Terrace project, which is classified as a separate project, will be a motorway extending and connecting thePacific Motorway (Sydney to Newcastle section) to the upgraded Pacific Highway at Raymond Terrace.^[54][55] Construction formally commenced in January 2024 and is expected to be completed by 2028.^[56]

In 2007 mounting pressure was placed on the federal government to provide additional funding for the highway.^{[citation needed]} On 10 October 2007 the Federal Minister for Transport and Regional Services pledged $2.4 billion in funding for the highway, subject to dollar for dollar funding by the NSW state government. However, the NSW state government refused to match funding. In the lead up to the2007 federal election, then opposition leaderKevin Rudd pledged $1.5 billion in funding.^[162] As part ofAusLink 2 (Nation Building Program), the federal government announced in its2009 federal budget that $3.1 billion would be spent on the highway up until 2014^[163] at which time just 63% of the highway would be duplicated.^[164] The NSW government will spend just $500 million over that same period, with $300 million cut as a result of the 2008 mini budget.^[165][166]

From time to time, there are proposals in the media for theprivate sector to build a fully controlled-access high-speed tollway between Newcastle and the Queensland border, possibly using theBOT system of infrastructure provision. Nothing eventuated from these proposals.^[167]

Other sections of Pacific Highway (between Hexham and Sydney) have been upgraded or proposed to be upgraded:

• The section of Pacific Highway between Ourimbah Street and Parsons Road atLisarow is being duplicated as of March 2021^[update], including a rail bridge over theSydney to Newcastle rail line.^[168][169]
• Since December 2020, the 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) section (Maitland Road) betweenNewcastle Inner City Bypass andNew England Highway is being proposed to be widened from four lanes to six lanes.^[170][171]

Pacific Highway was signed National Route 1 along its entire length in 1955. Over time, as road projects reallocated the route, or bypassed it entirely, these remaining sections were replaced with others. Formerroad routes of Pacific Highway have included:^[172]

• National Route 1 (1955–2013):Tweed Heads–Hexham
• National Route 1 (1955–1988) / State Route 111 (1988–2013):^[173]Hexham–Doyalson
• National Route 1 (1955–1979) / State Route 83 (1979–2013):^[174]Doyalson–Wahroonga
• National Route 1 (1955–1993) / Metroad 1 (1993–2013):^[175]Wahroonga–Artarmon
• National Route 1 (1955–1992) / State Route 14 (1992–1998)^[176] / Metroad 10 (1998–2007):^[177]Artarmon–Crows Nest
• National Route 1 (1955–1992):Crows Nest–North Sydney

The Pacific Highway was one of the most dangerous and deadly stretches of road in Australia, partly due to its high traffic levels. Between 1995 and 2009, over 400 people died on the highway. In 1989, two separate bus crashes, theGrafton bus crash (in which 21 people died) and theKempsey bus crash (in which 35 died) on the highway were two of the worst road accidents in Australia's history.^[178] In 2010, 38 people died on Pacific Highway, and in 2011, 25 people.^[179] Over the past 15 years, the New South Wales Roads & Traffic Authority reports that about 1,200 people have been injured each year.^[179]

In January 2012, aute swerved into the path of aB-double truck, which then veered off-road and crashed into two houses atUrunga. 11-year-old boy Max McGregor, who was sleeping in one of the houses, and the ute driver died from the incident. Another seven people were taken to Coffs Harbour Hospital.^[180] It was found that the ute driver had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.245, five times over the limit, equal to more than 25 standard drinks.^[181] The section of the highway through Urunga was bypassed in 2016.

Much of the danger of Pacific Highway lay in the fact that it contained long stretches of undivided road along which all types of vehicles, including private automobiles, buses, vans and trucks, simultaneously travelled at speeds approaching and in excess of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The undivided sections carried a high risk of head-on collisions. This was relieved to an extent by the provision of regular passing lanes, but these did not fully cope with the high level of traffic during holiday periods. After the 1989 crashes, the investigating coroner, Kevin Waller, recommended that the highway be fully divided along its entire length.^[182] Motorists surveyed by theNational Roads and Motorists' Association (NRMA) voted Pacific Highway the worst road in New South Wales in 2012.^[183]

Themajor intersections of Pacific Highway, spread over 779 kilometres (484 mi) on the eastern seaboard of New South Wales comprise a mix of freewaygrade-separated conditions, suburban and urban roads. BetweenPacific Motorway atBrunswick Heads in the north, and the highway's southern terminus atBradfield Highway andCahill Expressway inNorth Sydney, major intersections include:

Ewingsdale Road (B62)

Bruxner Highway (B60)

Big River Way (B76) – towardsGwydir Highway

Big River Way (B91) – towardsSummerland Way

Waterfall Way (B78)

Oxley Highway (B56)

New England Highway (A43)

Nelsons Bay Road (B63)

Parry Street (A15)

Newcastle Inner City Bypass (A37)

Sparks Road (B70)

Central Coast Highway (A49)

Motorway Link (A43)

Cumberland Highway (Pennant Hills Road) (A28)

Mona Vale Road / Ryde Road (A3)

Gore Hill Freeway (M1)

Lane Cove Tunnel (M2)

Gore Hill Freeway (M1)

Warringah Freeway (M1)

• Highways in Australia
• List of highways in New South Wales
• Major intersections of the Pacific Highway (Australia)

• Pacific Highway Upgrade project page

• Media related toPacific Highway (Australia) at Wikimedia Commons
• Pacific Highway travel guide from Wikivoyage

• Pacific Highway (Australia)
• City of Lake Macquarie
• Newcastle, New South Wales
• Port Stephens Council
• Roads in the Hunter Region
• Highways in New South Wales
• Highway 1 (Australia)

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