Organized baseball is an outdated term that collectively describes what is now known asMajor League Baseball (MLB) and its various affiliatedminor leagues, under the authority of thecommissioner of baseball. Historically, these leagues were bound by theNational Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (NAPBL), an agreement signed in 1901 that is considered the first to formally establishMinor League Baseball.[1] The agreement included provisions to respect the playerreserve lists of clubs in each league.
From 1901 onward, organized baseball primarily consisted of two dominant "major" leagues, theNational League and theAmerican League, and the minor leagues governed by the rules of theNational Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (NAPBL). Starting in 1947, the term also included several Caribbeanwinter leagues, such as theCuban League, that affiliated themselves with the National League and American League via the National Association agreement.[2][3] It did not includeNegro league baseball, and was racially segregatedby "gentleman's agreement" until1947.[4]Independent baseball leagues not bound by the agreement were sometimes pejoratively referred to as "outlaw leagues," due to their resistance to outside governance.
Within the United States, the most notable major outlaw league was theFederal League of 1914–1915, which lured players away from their established clubs with better pay (the first challenge to the "reserve clause" and a foreshadowing offree agency). The league's collapse led to a Supreme Court ruling in 1922—Federal Baseball Club v. National League—that effectively established an antitrust exemption for organized baseball.[5]
Another notable "outlaw league" was theMexican League, which rapidly expanded in the years immediately after World War II, bringing it into conflict with organized baseball. Starting with the1946 Mexican League season, players who "jumped" from their organized baseball clubs for more lucrative contracts in Mexico wereblacklisted for having violated the reserve clause.[6][a] Faced with a lawsuit seeking to overturn the 1922 ruling, then-Commissioner of BaseballHappy Chandler offered amnesty to the jumpers in 1949, thus keeping organized baseball's antitrust exemption intact.[6][7] From then on, the Mexican League peacefully coexisted with organized baseball until 1955, when it was admitted as an affiliated minor league.[2]
Major League Baseball (MLB) was officially created in 2000, centralizing governance of the National League and American League.[8] MLB considers several of the above-noted outlaw leagues as also having been "major", and recognizes the statistics of those leagues—such recognized leagues include the Federal League and several leagues within Negro league baseball.[9]
Today, the term "organized baseball" is considered outdated, due to its ambiguous meaning and racial overtones; theSociety for American Baseball Research (SABR) instead recommends the term "affiliated baseball".[10]
The baseball world that the young Jackie Robinson knew consisted of "Organized Baseball," a whites-only system of the eight-team National and American Leagues plus hundreds of minor-league teams; and the "Negro Leagues," which developed after 1900 as an alternative to the segregated white game.
