Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known asOperation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan andSahel regions of Africa, consisting ofcounterterrorism efforts and policing ofarms and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the GlobalWar on Terrorism (GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa isOperation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA).
Congress approved $500 million for theTrans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved incounterterrorism against alleged threats ofal-Qaeda operating in African countries, primarilyAlgeria,Chad,Mali,Mauritania,Niger,Senegal,Nigeria, andMorocco.[18] This program builds upon the formerPan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004[19] and focused onweapon and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism.[20] TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements includeUSAID educational efforts,airport security,Department of the Treasury, andState Department efforts.[21]
Canada deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara.[22] Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.[22]
Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara is primarily a training mission meant to equip 10 nations to combat insurgents in the region.[23] Africa Command states:
OEF-TS is the USG's 3rd priority counter terror effort conducting activities that support TSCTP but are not exclusive to TSCTP. OEF-TS supports TSCTP by forming relationships of peace, security, and cooperation among all Trans Sahara Nations. OEF-TS fosters collaboration and communication among participating countries. Furthermore, OEF-TS strengthens counterterrorism and border security, promotes democratic governance, reinforces bilateral military ties, and enhances development and institution building. U.S. Africa Command, through OEF-TS, provides training, equipment, assistance and advice to partner nation armed forces. This increases their capacity and capability to deny safe haven to terrorists and ultimately defeat extremist and terrorist activities in the region.[23]
At some point in 2013, OEF-TS was redesignated as Operation Juniper Shield.[24] Operation Juniper Shield encompasses American operations across Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco,Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.[25]
Twice a year, the Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) program holds a multinational training exercise.[26] Called Flintlocks, these exercises are meant to strengthen special forces from the United States as well as multiple other nations.[26] Participants include troops from the Sahel and those from NATO members.[26] Flintlock started in 1988 and continued through Operation Enduring Freedom, and is now held in Africa.[26] The exercises teach medical operations, infantry and peacekeeping training, airborne operations, humanitarian relief, and leadership skills.[26] The amount each category is stressed depends on the host nation's needs.[26] In addition, participants are put through different scenarios involving skills instructed during the exercise.[27]
Mali was supposed to host the 2012 exercise, but the United States decided to postpone the exercise.[28] Officials say Flintlock was postponed because Mali is facing a renewed Tuareg insurgency.[28]
Although the Flintlock Exercise was postponed, another training program in Mali was not. The Atlas Accord was created in 2012 to train African military personnel in a number of skills while focusing on logistics.[12] The exercise includes classroom instruction and field instruction.[12] Atlas Accord 12 focused solely on logistics and aerial resupply, while the next exercise in 2013 will continue training in aerial logistics but will also include command, control, communications, and computer (C4) techniques.[12]
The largest training exercise, African Lion, is an annual security cooperation exercise held by the US and Morocco.[29] Created in 2008, this program is designed to instruct a variety of skills, including aerial logistics,non-lethal weapons training, combined arms and maneuver exercises.[29] More than 900 Moroccans and 1,200 Americans take part in the two-week exercise.[29]
On 12 September 2007, a USAFC-130 was damaged from rifle fire by Tuareg forces while the aircraft was engaged in a supply drop to besieged Malian soldiers, no Americans were wounded in the incident.[30] TheJoint Special Operations Command (JSOC) established the Joint Special Operations Task Force–Trans Sahara (JSOTF-TS)[31] to help combat terrorism in the region. In 2012, the name of Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara transitioned to Operation Juniper Shield, although the operation was still referred to in US Government sources as OEF-TS as late as 2014.[32][33]
ABC News reported that US forces arrived in Niger in early 2013 to support theFrench military intervention in Mali; 150 US personnel set up a surveillance drone operation over Mali that was conducted out ofNiamey. As of 2017, there were about 800 US troops in Niger, the majority of whom are construction crews working to build up a second drone base in northern Niger. The remainder conduct a surveillance drone mission out of Niamey that helps out the French in Mali and other regional countries in the fight against the terrorists, and less than a hundredUS Army Special Forces soldiers are also advising and assisting Niger's military to build up their fighting capability to counter the terrorists.[34]CNN reported that following theTongo Tongo ambush in October 2017, which left 4 US soldiers killed, thegovernment of Niger granted the US military the authority to arm its drones in Niger; the US military had been seeking the authority to arm its drones in Niger for months prior to the ambush.[35]
ABC News also reported that there are 300 U.S. military personnel inBurkina Faso andCameroon carrying out the same task as US forces in Niger,[34]The Guardian reported that the US military deployed 300 personnel to Cameroon in early October 2015, with the approval of the Cameroonian government, their primary mission was to provide intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights,[36] The personnel are also overseeing a program to transfer American military vehicles to the Cameroonian Army to aid in their fight against Islamist militants,[37]Army Times later reported that US soldiers in Cameroon are also providing IED awareness training to the country's infantry forces.[38] CNN reported that in May 2016 that US personnel conduct the drone operations fromGaroua to help provide intelligence in the region to assist local forces.[39] In 2023,The 2023 Niger coup happens and leads toThe Nigerien crisis.
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