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Noreia is an ancientlost city in theEastern Alps, most likely in southernAustria. While according toJulius Caesar it is known to have been the capital of theCeltic kingdom ofNoricum, it was already referred to as a lost city byPliny the Elder (AD 23 – AD 79). The location of Noreia has not been verified by modern researchers.
The kingdom of Noricum was a major provider of weaponry for theRoman armies from themid-Republic onwards. Especially theRoman swords were made of the best-quality steel then available, thechalybs Noricus, from this region. The strength of iron is determined by itscarbon content. Thewrought iron produced in the Greco-Roman world generally contained only minimal traces of carbon and was too soft for tools and weapons. It thus needed to becarburised to at least 1.5% carbon content. The main Roman method of achieving this was to repeatedly heat the wrought iron to a temperature of over 800 C (i.e. to "white heat") and hammer it in acharcoal fire, causing the iron to absorb carbon from the charcoal.[1] This technique had been developed empirically, as there is no evidence that ancient iron producers understood the chemistry involved. The rudimentary methods of carburisation used rendered the quality of the iron ore critical to the production of good steel. The ore needed to be rich inmanganese (an element which remains essential in modern steelmaking processes), but also to contain very little, or preferably zero,phosphorus, whose presence would compromise the steel's hardness.[2] The ore mined inCarinthia (S. Noricum) fulfills both criteria to an unusual degree.[3] The Celtic peoples of Noricum (predominantly theTaurisci tribe) empirically discovered that their ore made superior steel around 500 BC and established a major steel-making industry around it.[4] AtMagdalensberg, a major production and trading centre was established, where a large number of specialised blacksmiths crafted a range of metal products, especially weapons. The finished products were mostly exported southwards, toAquileia, a Roman colony founded in 180 BC.
From 200 BC onwards, it appears that the tribes of Noricum were gradually united in a native Celtic kingdom, known to the Romans as theregnum Noricum, with its capital at this uncertain location called Noreia. Noricum became a key ally of the Roman Republic, providing a reliable supply of high-quality weapons and tools in return for Roman military protection. Although there was no formal treaty of military alliance, the Norici could count on Roman military support, as demonstrated in 113 BC, when a vast host ofTeutones invaded Noricum. In response to a desperate appeal by the Norici, the Roman consulGnaeus Papirius Carbo rushed an army over the Alps and attacked the Germans nearNoreia (although, in the event, he was heavily defeated).
The Greek chroniclerStrabo (64/63 BC – c. AD 24), as well as the Roman historianAppian (c. AD 95 – c. AD 165), report on the "Battle of Noreia" in 113 BC between aRoman army under consulGnaeus Papirius Carbo andCimbri andTeutoni tribes. It is not known whether the location of the battle and the capital of Noricum are the same city. Nevertheless, based on ancient distance specifications, 18th century publications located Noreia nearMurau orNeumarkt inStyria, which, however, has been continually put into question. Upon excavations in Sankt Margarethen nearMühlen in Styria, the residents in 1930 even changed the name of the village to Noreia, though further research showed that the finds are the remains of a medieval settlement.
As the handed-down distance fromAquileia – 1,200stadia – more likely indicate a place in present-dayCarinthia, several scholars assume that Noreia can be identified with excavated Celtic-Roman settlements on theMagdalensberg or in the nearbyZollfeld plain. Other theories assume a location in the CarinthianGlan valley at a sanctuary of the local mother goddessNoreia nearLiebenfels, erected in the 2nd century AD. Other localisation attempts include the ancient Gurina settlement nearDellach or theore mining area ofHüttenberg. Another possibility, favoured today, is the Gracarca mountain besideLake Klopein in Carinthia, where a prehistoric hilltop settlement and several graves of Celtic princes have been found.
It is also possible that there is more than one location named "Noreia", which possibly just denotes a "Noric city". There seem to be two identical entries in theTabula Peutingeriana, a 12th century copy of a Late Roman road map. On the map an older Noreia, about 3.5 km in diameter, and a new city of the same name, measuring 7.5 by 3.4 km, can be found in the region of modern Styria. It is more probable, though, that the double entry of a Roman station called Noreia is a copyist's error.
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