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Need for achievement is a person's desire for significant accomplishment, mastery ofskills, control, or high standards. The psychometric device designed to measure need-for-achievement,N-Ach, was popularized by the psychologistDavid McClelland.[1][non-primary source needed] A need for achievement figures as a secondary or psychogenic need inHenry Murray'ssystem of needs.[2]
The pioneering research work of the Harvard Psychological Clinic in the 1930s, summarized inExplorations in Personality, provided the starting point for future studies of personality, especially those relating to needs and motives.[citation needed]David McClelland and his collaboratorsJohn William Atkinson,Russell A. Clark andEdgar L. Lowell later investigated achievement motivation and described their work using the term "achievement motivation theory".[3]
Using results based on theThematic Apperception Test, McClelland concluded in a 1958 study that individuals in a society can be grouped into high achievers and low achievers based on their scores on what he called "N-Ach".[4]: 12–13 McClelland also found that high-need-for-achievers will accept risk only to the degree they believe their personal contributions will make a difference in the outcome.[4]: 41–43
N-Ach is characterized by an enduring and consistent concern with setting and meeting high standards of achievement. This concern is influenced by an internal drive for action (intrinsicmotivation), and by the pressure exerted by the expectations of others (extrinsic motivation). Measured with thethematic apperception test (TAT), need for achievement motivates an individual to succeed in competition, and to excel in activities important to them.[5]
N-Ach is related to the difficulty of tasks people choose to undertake. Those with low N-Ach may choose very easy tasks, in order to minimize risk of failure, or highly difficult tasks, such that a failure would not be embarrassing. Those with high N-Ach tend to choose moderately difficult tasks, feeling that they are challenging, but within reach.[citation needed]
McClelland’s research led him to formulate psychological characteristics of people with strong need for achievement. According to McClelland and David Winter (Motivating Economic Achievement), the following features accompany high level of achievement motivation:[4][6]
A 1982 study conducted by McClellan and coauthors found that high need for achievement (N-Ach) was linked to success in lower-level management roles, in which promotions were influenced by individual contributions. At higher management levels where promotions were based on demonstrated leadership ability, high N-Ach was not associated with success.[7]
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