Mary Draper Ingles | |
|---|---|
 Statue of Mary Draper Ingles included in theVirginia Women's Monument. | |
| Born | 1732 (1732) |
| Died | 1 February 1815(1815-02-01) (aged 82–83) Ingles Ferry, Virginia, U.S. |
| Known for | Escape from Native American captivity in 1755 |
| Spouse | William Ingles |
| Children | Thomas Ingles, George, Mary, Susanna, Rhoda, John |
| Parent(s) | George and Elenor (Hardin) Draper |
Mary Draper Ingles (1732 – February 1815), also known in records asMary Inglis orMary English, was anAmerican pioneer and earlysettler of westernVirginia. In the summer of 1755, she and her two young sons were among several captives taken byShawnee after theDraper's Meadow Massacre during theFrench and Indian War. They were taken toLower Shawneetown at the Ohio and Scioto rivers. Ingles escaped with another woman after two and a half months and trekked 500 to 600 miles, crossing numerous rivers, creeks, and theAppalachian Mountains to return home.[1]
Two somewhat different accounts of Mary Draper Ingles' capture and escape, one written by her son John Ingles,[2][3]: 86–88 and the other by Letitia Preston Floyd,[4]: 79–109 an acquaintance, are the main sources from which the story is known.
The story became well known following the 1855 publication ofWilliam Henry Foote's account inSketches of Virginia: Historical and Biographical,[5] based on Mary's son's manuscript. It was further publicized in 1886 with the publication of an embellished version in John P. Hale'sTrans-Allegheny pioneers: historical sketches of the first white settlements west of the Alleghenies.[6]
Mary Draper Ingles was born in 1732 inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania to George and Elenor (Hardin) Draper, who had immigrated to America fromCounty Donegal, Ireland in 1729.[6][7] Between 1740 and 1744, the Draper family moved to the western frontier of Virginia, settling inPattonsburg on theJames River. According to John P. Hale, in 1744 George Draper went on an exploratory trip into what is now West Virginia, and never returned, although there is evidence that Draper was still alive as late as 1748.[8]: 38 By 1746 his family had established Draper's Meadow, apioneer settlement on the banks ofStroubles Creek near modern-dayBlacksburg, Virginia.[9]: 30
In 1750, Mary married fellow settlerWilliam Ingles (1729–1782). They had two sons prior to Mary's captivity:Thomas Ingles, born in 1751, and George, in 1753.[2] Three daughters and a son were born to them after Mary's return from captivity.[10]
On 30 July (or 8 July, according to John P. Hale[6] and Letitia Preston Floyd[4]), 1755,[Note 1] during theFrench and Indian War, a band of about sixteenShawnee warriors (then allies of the French)raided Draper's Meadow and killed at least four settlers, includingColonel James Patton, Mary's mother and Mary's infant niece, and a neighbor named Caspar Barger.[12][13] They took five captives, including Mary and her two sons, her sister-in-law Bettie Robertson Draper, and her neighbor Henry Lenard (or Leonard).[14][15][16] Mary's husband was nearly killed but fled into the forest.[2]
The Indians took their captives, along with several horses loaded with items taken from the settlers' homes, northwest along theNew River, then along theOhio River. They traveled for a month toLower Shawneetown, located at the confluence of theScioto and Ohio rivers. Upon arrival at the town, the prisoners were made to undergo the ritual ofrunning the gauntlet:
When their Warriors arrive within half a Mile of their Towns, it is their custom to whip those who have been so unfortunate as to fall into their Hands, all the Remainder of the Way till they get to the Town, and that it was in this Manner our poor unhappy Neighbors from Virginia had been treated by them.[17]
According to her son, Mary was not required to do this. Mary was separated from her sons,[18] who were adopted by Shawnee families. According to John P. Hale, Mary's oldest son Thomas was taken toDetroit, her sister-in-law Bettie was taken to what is nowChillicothe, Ohio, and her youngest son George was taken to an unknown location and died soon afterward.[6] One source states that another captive, Mary's neighbor Henry Leonard, later escaped, although no details are given.[19] An article in theNew-York Mercury of 16 February 1756, describing Mary's capture and escape, mentions that while in Lower Shawneetown she saw "a considerable Number of English Prisoners, who have been taken Captives from the Frontiers of Virginia."[17]
Letitia Preston Floyd and other sources state that, about "three months" after being taken prisoner, Mary gave birth to a daughter,[4][6][20] although there is evidence to the contrary.[14] As a prisoner, Mary sewed shirts using cloth traded to the Indians by French traders and, at the insistence of the traders, she was paid in goods for her work.[2] TheMercury newspaper account states that Mary was also assigned "to attend [the Native Americans] as Servant, to dress their Victuals, and stretch the Skins they might procure."[17] In October 1755, about three weeks after reaching Lower Shawneetown, she was taken to theBig Bone salt lick to make salt for the Indians by boilingbrine.[16]
While working at Big Bone Lick, in late October 1755, Mary persuaded another captive woman, referred to as the "old Dutch woman" but who may have been German,[Note 2] to escape with her. The next day (probably 19 October) they asked permission of the Native Americans to go into the forest to gather wild grapes, and set off, retracing the route their captors had followed after Mary was taken captive in July.[24] They woremoccasins and carried only atomahawk and a knife (both of which were eventually lost), and two blankets. As they were leaving the camp, they met three French traders fromDetroit who were harvesting walnuts. Mary traded her old dull tomahawk for a new one.[2]
The women went north, following theOhio River as it curves to the east. Expecting pursuit, they tried to hurry at first.[1] As it turned out, the Shawnee made only a brief search, assuming the two women had been "destroyed by wild beasts."[6] The Shawnee told this account to Mary's son Thomas Ingles, when he met some of them many years later after theBattle of Point Pleasant in 1774.[2]
After four or five days the women reached the junction of the Ohio and Scioto rivers, where they could see Lower Shawneetown in the distance, on the opposite riverbank. There they found an abandoned cabin, which contained a supply of corn, and an old horse in the back yard. They took the horse to carry the corn, but he was lost in the river when they tried to take him across what was probably Dutchman's Ripple.[2]
They followed the Ohio,Kanawha, andNew rivers, crossing theLicking,Big Sandy, andLittle Sandy rivers,Twelvepole Creek, theGuyandotte andCoal rivers,Paint Creek, and theBluestone River.[25] During their journey, they crossed at least 145 creeks and rivers—remarkable as neither woman could swim. On at least one occasion they "tied logs together with a grape-vine [and] made a raft" to cross a major river.[4] They may have traveled as much as 500 to 600 miles, averaging between eleven and twenty-one miles a day.[1]
Once the corn ran out, they subsisted onblack walnuts,wild grapes,pawpaws,[1]sassafras leaves,blackberries, roots and frogs but, as the weather grew cold, they were forced to eat dead animals they found along the way.[4] On several occasions they saw Indians hunting and each time managed to avoid being seen. On one occasion they were able to obtain deer meat from a kill abandoned by an Indian hunter, having
...got very near an Indian before they saw him, but as he was busy in skinning a Deer, he did not see them, till they hid themselves behind a Log, towards which the Indian’s Dog kept a continual barking, which frightened the Indian as well as the Women, and having dispatch’d the skinning of his Deer, with as much speed as possible, he made off, leaving the Carcase behind him, which afterwards afforded an agreeable Repast to the starving Travellers, and after having satiated their Hunger, took as much of the Meat along as they could carry, and pursued their Journey, making the River their Guide, and feeding on Grapes and Nuts for their Support.[17]
By now the temperature had dropped, it was starting to snow, and the two women were weak from starvation. At some point, the old Dutch woman became "very disheartened and discouraged", and tried to kill Mary.[2] (Letitia Preston Floyd's account reports the two women drew lots to decide "which of them was to be eaten by the other."[4]) Mary managed to "keep her in a good humor" by promising "a sum of money" to be paid to her by Mary's father-in-law upon their safe return to Draper's Meadow. Soon after they reached the mouth of the New River, the old Dutch woman made a second attempt on Mary's life, probably about 26 November, but Mary "got loose...and outran her."[1] (TheNew-York Mercury article states that "the Dutch woman attempted to kill her...in order, as it was supposed, to Eat her; but [Mary] after a fierce struggle, released herself...and fled away."[17]) She hid in the forest and waited until dark, then continued along the riverbank. Finding acanoe, Mary crossed the New River at its junction with theEast River near what is nowGlen Lyn, Virginia.[6]
Mary continued southeast along the riverbank, passing through the present-day location ofPembroke. Four or five days after leaving the old Dutch woman, she reached a hunting cabin belonging to her friend Adam Harman,[26]: 11–12 on or about 1 December 1755, 42 days after leaving Big Bone Lick. Shortly afterward, a search party went back and found the old Dutch woman.[2] Harman took her to the fort atDunkard's Bottom, where she joined a wagon party traveling toWinchester, Virginia, with the goal of returning to her home in Pennsylvania.[6]
After recovering from her journey and reuniting with her husband, Mary and her husband resumed farming atDunkard's Bottom until the following spring. Concerned about continued Shawnee raids on neighboring settlements, they moved toFort Vause, where a small garrison safeguarded the residents.[27] Mary remained uneasy, however, and persuaded her husband to move again, this time to Robert Ewing's Fort nearMontvale inBedford County, Virginia.[28][29] On the same day that they left, 25 June 1756, Fort Vause was attacked by French troops and a mixed force of 205 Shawnee, Ottawa and Miami Indians.[22] Mary's brother-in-law John was killed, and her brother-in-law Matthew was captured.[6]
Mary very likely provided information about the location, size and layout of Lower Shawneetown to her husband, who then suggested to Lieutenant-GovernorRobert Dinwiddie that he organize an assault on the town in retaliation for Shawnee attacks on English settlements. William Ingles participated as a lieutenant in theSandy Creek Expedition in early 1756, however the expedition was forced to turn back before reaching the town, due to harsh weather and lack of food.[30]: 22
The Ingles had four more children: Mary, Susanna (b. 1759), Rhoda (b. 1762), and John (1766–1836).[10] In 1762, William and Mary established theIngles Ferry across theNew River,[31] and the associated Ingles Ferry Hill Tavern and blacksmith shop.[32] She died there in 1815, aged 83.[1] The site of her formerlog cabin, with a stable and a family cemetery, is protected as part of theIngles Bottom Archeological Sites.[33]
Mary's son George probably died in Indian captivity, butThomas Ingles, who was 4 when taken captive, was ransomed and returned to Virginia in 1768 at the age of 17; after 13 years with the Shawnee, he had become fullyacculturated and spoke onlyShawnee. He underwent several years of "rehabilitation" and education underDr. Thomas Walker atCastle Hill, Virginia.[3]: 86–88
Thomas Ingles later served as a lieutenant underColonel William Christian inLord Dunmore's War (1773–1774) against the Shawnee.[34]: 51–52 He married Eleanore Grills in 1775 and settled inBurke's Garden, Virginia. In 1782, his wife and three children were kidnapped by Indians. Thomas came to rescue them and in the ensuing altercation, the two older children were killed. Eleanore was tomahawked but survived.[18] Thomas rescued her and their youngest daughter.[35]
In 1761, Mary Ingles' brother John Draper attended a gathering ofCherokee chiefs at which a treaty to end theAnglo-Cherokee War was prepared. He found a man who knew of his wife, Bettie Robertson Draper, who had been taken captive in 1755. At that time, she was living atChillicothe with the family of a widowed Cherokee chief.[6]: 99–100 She was ransomed, and John took her toNew River Valley.[36]
On 8 May 1779,Lord Henry Hamilton, a British prisoner of war, was being escorted under guard to Williamsburg and spent the night at the home of William and Mary Ingles. In his journal, Hamilton noted that the trauma of Mary's captivity and escape still affected her, 24 years later:
The onlyprimary source of information about Mary Ingles' capture and escape is an article published in the New YorkMercury on 16 February 1756 based on a report from "a Traveller who lately came fromNew River in Virginia," which contains a few details not found elsewhere. Her escape journey is also referred to briefly in two otherMercury articles, on 26 January and 1 March.[17][38]
An importantsecondary source is the 1824 written account by Colonel John Ingles, son of Mary Ingles and William Ingles, born in 1766 after Mary's return. His account,The Story of Mary Draper Ingles and Son Thomas Ingles, written when he was 58, is based on stories he had heard from his parents. This is probably the most significant document describing Mary Ingles' capture and escape.[2][Note 3]
Another significant secondary source is an 1843 letter by Letitia Preston Floyd (1779–1852, wife of Virginia GovernorJohn Floyd and daughter ofColonel William Preston, himself a survivor of the Draper's Meadow massacre) to her sonBenjamin Rush Floyd. Letitia Preston Floyd did not know Mary Draper Ingles personally, although she claimed to have seen her once, in 1811 or 1812 at "a large Baptist Association."[4]: 86 She reports information that she learned from other sources, about Ingles' capture and escape. HistorianPreston Davie described this letter as "replete with errors...A jumble of inaccurate hearsay and fact...more imaginative than real."[41]: 40 Glanville and Mays counter this opinion: "The overall accuracy of Mrs. Floyd’s 'My Dear Rush' letter is surprisingly good...She made minor errors in dates and places. However, it seems to us that Mrs. Floyd did remarkably well for a person aged 63 who was often writing of events about which she learned four or five decades earlier."[4]: 106
Differences between the narratives of John Ingles and Letitia Preston Floyd suggest that the Ingles and Preston families had developed distinctoral traditions. They differ on the date of the massacre (July 30 vs July 8, according to Ingles and Floyd, respectively), the number of casualties, the ages of Mary Ingles' children, and several other aspects.[14]
John Peter Hale,[42] one of Mary Ingles' great-grandsons, claimed to have interviewed Letitia Preston Floyd, and other people who knew Mary Ingles personally. His 1886 narrative contains numerous details not cited in any previous account.[6] There were some references to Mary Ingles' escape in contemporary reports and letters, which were gathered in later efforts to document people who had been taken captive by Indians.[12][17]
The story of Ingles' ordeal has inspired a number of books and films, including:
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