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Mário Soares | |
|---|---|
 Soares in 1993 | |
| 12thPresident of Portugal | |
| In office 9 March 1986 – 9 March 1996 | |
| Prime Minister | Aníbal Cavaco Silva António Guterres |
| Preceded by | António Ramalho Eanes |
| Succeeded by | Jorge Sampaio |
| Prime Minister of Portugal | |
| In office 9 June 1983 – 6 November 1985 | |
| President | António Ramalho Eanes |
| Deputy | Carlos Mota Pinto Rui Machete |
| Preceded by | Francisco Pinto Balsemão |
| Succeeded by | Aníbal Cavaco Silva |
| In office 23 July 1976 – 28 August 1978 | |
| President | António Ramalho Eanes |
| Preceded by | José Pinheiro de Azevedo |
| Succeeded by | Alfredo Nobre da Costa |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 12 October 1977 – 30 January 1978 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | José Medeiros Ferreira |
| Succeeded by | Vítor de Sá Machado |
| In office 15 May 1974 – 26 March 1975 | |
| Prime Minister | Adelino da Palma Carlos Vasco Gonçalves |
| Preceded by | National Salvation Junta |
| Succeeded by | Ernesto Melo Antunes |
| Minister without Portfolio | |
| In office 26 March 1975 – 8 August 1975 | |
| Prime Minister | Vasco Gonçalves |
| Preceded by | Ernesto Melo Antunes Vítor Alves |
| Succeeded by | Jorge Campinos |
| Secretary-General of the Socialist Party | |
| In office 19 April 1973 – 29 June 1986 | |
| President | António Macedo |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Vítor Constâncio |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| In office 20 July 1999 – 19 July 2004 | |
| Constituency | Portugal |
| Member of the Assembly of the Republic | |
| In office 2 June 1975 – 3 November 1985 | |
| Constituency | Lisbon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (1924-12-07)7 December 1924[1] Lisbon, Portugal |
| Died | 7 January 2017(2017-01-07) (aged 92) Lisbon, Portugal |
| Resting place | Prazeres Cemetery, Lisbon |
| Party | Socialist Party (1973–2017) |
| Other political affiliations | Portuguese Communist Party (1943–1950) Portuguese Socialist Action (1964–1973) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | João Isabel |
| Education | Colégio Nun'Álvares Colégio Moderno |
| Alma mater | University of Lisbon Pantheon-Sorbonne University |
| Profession | Historian Lawyer Professor |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Mário Soares Foundation |
Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes SoaresGColTE,GCC,GColL (European Portuguese:[ˈmaɾjualˈβɛɾtuˈnɔβɾɨˈlɔpɨʃsuˈaɾɨʃ]; 7 December 1924 – 7 January 2017) was aPortuguese politician, who served asprime minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as thepresident of Portugal from 1986 to 1996. He was the first secretary-general of theSocialist Party, from its foundation in 1973 to 1986. A major political figure in Portugal, he is considered the father of Portuguese democracy.[2]
Soares was the son of João Lopes Soares (Leiria, Arrabal, 17 November 1879 –Lisbon, Campo Grande, 31 July 1970), founder of the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon,government minister and then anti-fascist republican activist who had been apriest before impregnating and marrying Elisa Nobre Baptista (Santarém, Pernes, 8 September 1887 –Lisbon, Campo Grande, 28 February 1955), Mário Soares's mother, at the 7th Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon on 5 September 1934. His father also had another son by an unknown mother named Tertuliano Lopes Soares. His mother had previously been married and had two children, J. Nobre Baptista and Cândido Nobre Baptista. Mário Soares was raised as aRoman Catholic, but came to identify himself as arepublican,secular andsocialist.[citation needed]
Soares was born inthe Coração de Jesus neighbourhood ofLisbon, and graduated inhistory andphilosophy from theUniversity of Lisbon. He became a university lecturer in 1957, but his activities in opposition to the dictatorship ofAntónio de Oliveira Salazar led to repeated arrests. He was active in resistance groups such as the Movement for Anti-Fascist National Unity and the Movement for Democratic Unity.
Soares began his studies at Colégio Moderno, owned by his father. There, for a short period he was taughtgeography byÁlvaro Cunhal, who would later become the towering figure of Portuguese Communism and one of Soares' greatest political rivals.
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While a student at university, Soares joined thePortuguese Communist Party, being responsible for the youth section. In this capacity, he organised demonstrations in Lisbon to celebrate the end ofWorld War II. He was first arrested byPIDE, the Portuguese political police, in 1946, when he was a member of the Central Committee of theMovement of Democratic Unity (Portuguese:Movimento de Unidade Democrática), at the time chaired byMário de Azevedo Gomes [pt]. Soares was arrested twice in 1949. On those latter occasions, he was the secretary of GeneralNorton de Matos, a candidate for the Presidency. However, he became estranged from de Matos when he latter discovered Soares's Communist sympathies.
Soares marriedMaria de Jesus Barroso Soares, anactress, on 22 February 1949, while in theAljube prison, at the Third Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon. They had a son,João Soares, who later became Mayor of Lisbon, and a daughter, Isabel Barroso Soares (born in 1951), who now manages the Colégio Moderno.
Soares's multiple arrests for political activism made it impossible for him to continue with his career as a lecturer of history and philosophy. Therefore, he decided to study law and become an attorney.
In 1958, Soares was very active in the presidential election supporting GeneralHumberto Delgado. Later, he would become Delgado's family lawyer, when Humberto Delgado was murdered in 1965, inSpain, by agents of the dictatorship's secret police (PIDE). As a lawyer, he defended some of Portugal's political prisoners and participated in numerous trials conducted in the Plenary Court and in the Special Military Court. Represented, particularly,Álvaro Cunhal when he was accused of several political crimes, and along withAdelino da Palma Carlos he also defended the dynastic cause ofMaria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza.
In April 1964, inGeneva, Switzerland, Soares together withFrancisco Ramos da Costa andManuel Tito de Morais created theAcção Socialista Portuguesa (Portuguese Socialist Action). At this point he was already quite distant from his former Communist friends (having quit the Communist Party in 1951); his views were now clearly inclined towardseconomic liberalism.
In March 1968, Soares was arrested again by PIDE, and a military tribunal sentenced him to banishment in the colony ofSão Tomé and Principe in theGulf of Guinea.[3] His wife and two children, Isabel and João, accompanied him. However, they returned to Lisbon eight months later for in the meantime dictatorSalazar had been replaced byMarcello Caetano. The new dictator wanted to present a more democratic face to the world, so many political prisoners, Soares among them, were released and allowed exile in France.[4]
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In theOctober 1969 general election, which was rigged, the democratic opposition (whose political rights were severely restricted) entered with two different lists. Soares participated actively in the campaign supporting theColigação Eleitoral de Unidade Democrática or CEUD (Electoral Coalition for Democratic Unity). CEUD was clearly anti-fascist, but they also reaffirmed their opposition to Communism.
In 1970, Soares was exiled toRome, Italy, but eventually settled inFrance where he taught at theUniversities of Vincennes,Paris andRennes. In 1973, the 'Portuguese Socialist Action' became theSocialist Party, and Soares was elected Secretary-General. The Socialist party was created under the umbrella ofWilly Brandt's SPD inBad Münstereifel, Germany, on 19 April 1973.
On 25 April 1974, elements of thePortuguese Army seized power in Lisbon, overthrowing Salazar's successor,Marcello Caetano. Soares and other political exiles returned home to celebrate what was termed the "Carnation Revolution".
In the provisional government which was formed after the revolution, led by the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA), Soares became minister for overseas negotiations, charged with organising the independence of Portugal's overseas colonies. Among other encounters, he met withSamora Machel, the leader ofFrelimo, to negotiate the independence ofMozambique.
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Within months of the revolution however (and in spite of theApril 1975 Constituent Assembly election results which gave victory to theSocialist Party and clearly favored the pro-democracy political parties), it became apparent that thePortuguese Communist Party, allied with a radical group of officers in the MFA, was attempting to extend its control over the government. The prime minister,Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves, was accused of being an agent of the Communists and a bitter confrontation developed between the Socialists and Communists over control of the newspaperRepública.
PresidentFrancisco da Costa Gomes dismissed Vasco Gonçalves in September 1975 and a failedfar-left coup in late November ended the far-left influence in Portuguese government and politics. After the approval of the1976 Constitution, a democratic government was finally established when national elections were held on 25 April 1976.
The1976 legislative election gave the Socialists a plurality of seats in the newly createdAssembly of the Republic and Soares becameprime minister. Deep hostility between the Socialists and the Communists made a left-wing majority government impossible, and Soares formed a weak minority government. Vast fiscal and currency account deficits generated by previous governments forced Soares to adopt a strict austerity policy, which made him deeply unpopular. Soares had to resign from office after only two years, in 1978.
The wave of left-wing sentiment which followed the 1974 revolution had now dissipated, and a succession of conservative governments held office until 1983, with Soares'Socialist Party unsuccessful in the1979 special elections and1980 elections. Soares again became prime minister following the1983 elections, holding office until late 1985. His main achievement in office was negotiating Portugal's entry into theEuropean Economic Community. Portugal at the time was very wary of integrating itself into theEEC, and Soares almost single-handedly turned public opinion around.
In the1986 presidential election, Soares was elected president of Portugal, beatingDiogo Freitas do Amaral by little more than 2%. He was reelected in 1991, this time with almost 70% of the vote. For most of Soares' two terms of office, Portugal was governed by the centre-rightSocial Democratic Party, led byAníbal Cavaco Silva.
In 1989, he was the first foreignhead of state to visitCzechoslovakia in the course of theVelvet Revolution, invited byVáclav Havel, who was electedpresident of Czechoslovakia two days later.[5]
He devised the so-calledPresidência Aberta (Open Presidency), a series of tours around the country, each addressing a particular issue, such as theenvironment or a particular region of Portugal. Although generally well received by the public, some claimed that he was criticizing the government and exceeding his constitutional role. Others stated that the tours were in the style of medieval courts. Yet the name stuck for today's presidential initiatives of the same type.
Soares died on 7 January 2017 at the age of 92.[8] He had been admitted to the hospital on 13 December, and although his condition at first showed slight signs of improvement, he lapsed into a coma on 26 December from which he never recovered.[9] ThePortuguese Government offered a state funeral and declared three days of national mourning. It was the first state funeral in Portugal after that of PresidentÓscar Carmona in 1951.[10] After lying in state atJerónimos Monastery during 9 January, his remains were transported toPrazeres Cemetery the next day, and now lie at the family vault next to those of his wife.
N.B. according to "Ordens honoríficas portuguesas –Nacionais com Ordens Portuguesas" recipients:
Grand Collar of theOrder of the Tower and Sword (GColTE – 9 March 1991)
Grand Cross of theOrder of Christ (GCC – 09/04/1981)
Grand Collar of theOrder of Liberty (GColL – 9 March 1996)
Grand Master of thePortuguese Orders (9 March 1986 – 9 March 1996):N.B. according to "Ordens honoríficas portuguesas –Nacionais com Ordens Estrangeiras" recipients:
Algeria: Collar (Athir) of theNational Order of Merit (29 May 2005)
Austria: Grand Star of theDecoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (10 March 1987)
Brazil:
Bahia: Collar of the Order of Merit of Bahia (30 March 1988)
São Paulo: Grand Cross of theOrder of Ipiranga (13 April 1987)
Bulgaria: First Class of theOrder of the Balkan Mountains (26 October 1994)
Cape Verde: 1st Class of theAmílcar Cabral Order [fr] (5 January 2001)
Chile: Collar of theOrder of Merit (22 July 1992)
Colombia: Grand Collar of theOrder of Boyaca (27 July 1988)
People's Republic of the Congo: Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of the People's Republic of the Congo [fr] (12 September 1989)
Cyprus: Grand Collar of theOrder of Makarios III (29 May 1990)
Denmark:
Dominican Republic: Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella (10 March 1987)
East Timor: Grand Collar of theOrder of Timor-Leste (3 January 2017)
Ecuador: Collar of theNational Order of Merit (12 September 1989)
Egypt: Collar of theOrder of the Nile (4 April 1992)
Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of theOrder of the White Rose of Finland (8 March 1991)[12]
France:
Germany:
Greece: Grand Cross of theOrder of the Redeemer (20 November 1987)
Holy See: Collar of theOrder of Pope Pius IX (8 January 1991)
Hungary: Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of the Republic of Hungary(25 January 1993)
Iceland:
Italy:
Ivory Coast: Grand Cross of theNational Order of the Ivory Coast (1 June 1990)
Luxembourg:
Malta: Honorary Companion of Honour of theNational Order of Merit (9 October 1994)[17]
Mexico: Grand Cross of theOrder of the Aztec Eagle (16 January 2003)
Morocco:
Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of the Netherlands Lion (26 September 1991)
Norway: Grand Cross of theOrder of St. Olav (10 March 1987)
Palestine: Grand Cordon of theOrder of the Star of Palestine (18 November 1993)
Paraguay: Presidential Collar of Marshal López (Grand Cross) of theNational Order of Merit (18 December 1995)
Poland:
Senegal: Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of the Republic of Senegal [fr] (28 February 1996)
South Korea: Grand Gwanghwa Medal of theOrder of Diplomatic Service Merit (23 April 1987)
South Africa: Grand Cross of theOrder of Good Hope (17 November 1995)[18]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Collar of theOrder pro merito Melitensi (9 May 1989)
Spain:
Sweden: Knight of theOrder of the Seraphim (28 January 1987)
Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of 7 November (6 December 1993)
United Kingdom:
Venezuela: Collar of theOrder of the Liberator (10 November 1987)
Yugoslavia:
Zaire: Grand Cordon of theNational Order of the Leopard (4 December 1989)In 1998, Soares won theInternational Simón Bolívar Prize ofUNESCO.
In 2000, Soares received theNorth-South Prize of theCouncil of Europe.
He was an honorary member of theClub of Rome and member ofHigh Council of Francophonie.
He was appointedDoctor of Laws(honoris causa) by theUniversity of Leicester in 1994.[22]
Soares was named the"patron" for theCollege of Europe's academic year 2020-2021.[23]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN | Marcelo Caetano | 981,263 | 88.0 | 130 | ±0 | |
| CDE | Francisco Pereira de Moura | 114,745 | 10.3 | 0 | new | |
| CEUD | Mário Soares | 16,863 | 1.5 | 0 | new | |
| CEM | Henrique Barrilaro Ruas | 1,324 | 0.1 | 0 | new | |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 1,053 | – | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 1,115,248 | 62.50 | 150 | ±0 | ||
| Source: Legislativas 1969[24] | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Mário Soares | 2,162,972 | 37.9 | 116 | |
| PPD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 1,507,282 | 26.4 | 81 | |
| PCP | Álvaro Cunhal | 711,935 | 12.5 | 30 | |
| CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 434,879 | 7.6 | 16 | |
| MDP/CDE | Francisco Pereira de Moura | 236,318 | 4.1 | 5 | |
| FSP | Manuel Serra | 66,307 | 1.2 | 0 | |
| MES | Afonso de Barros | 58,248 | 1.0 | 0 | |
| Other parties | 137,213 | 2.4 | 2 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 396,675 | 7.0 | – | ||
| Turnout | 5,711,829 | 91.66 | 250 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[25] | |||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Mário Soares | 1,912,921 | 34.9 | 107 | –9 | |
| PPD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 1,335,381 | 24.4 | 73 | –8 | |
| CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 876,007 | 16.0 | 42 | +26 | |
| PCP | Álvaro Cunhal | 788,830 | 14.4 | 40 | +10 | |
| UDP | Mário Tomé | 91,690 | 1.7 | 1 | ±0 | |
| Other parties | 220,936 | 4.0 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 257,696 | 2.7 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 5,483,461 | 83.53 | 263 | +13 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[26] | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 2,719,208 | 45.3 | 128 | +13 | |
| PS | Mário Soares | 1,642,136 | 27.3 | 74 | –33 | |
| APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,129,322 | 18.8 | 47 | +7 | |
| UDP | Mário Tomé | 130,842 | 2.2 | 1 | ±0 | |
| PDC | José Sanches Osório | 72,514 | 1.2 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Other parties | 149,717 | 2.5 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 163,714 | 2.7 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 6,007,453 | 82.86 | 250 | –13 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[27] | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Francisco Sá Carneiro | 2,868,076 | 47.6 | 134 | +6 | |
| PS | Mário Soares | 1,673,279 | 27.8 | 74 | ±0 | |
| APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,009,505 | 16.8 | 41 | –6 | |
| UDP | Mário Tomé | 83,204 | 1.4 | 1 | ±0 | |
| POUS | Carmelinda Pereira | 83,095 | 1.4 | 0 | ±0 | |
| PSR | – | 60,496 | 1.0 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Other parties | 111,078 | 1.8 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 137,692 | 2.3 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 6,026,395 | 83.94 | 250 | ±0 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[28] | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Mário Soares | 2,061,309 | 36.1 | 101 | +35 | |
| PSD | Carlos Mota Pinto | 1,554,804 | 27.2 | 75 | –7 | |
| APU | Álvaro Cunhal | 1,031,609 | 18.1 | 44 | +3 | |
| CDS | Lucas Pires | 716,705 | 12.6 | 30 | –16 | |
| Other parties | 196,498 | 3.4 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 146,770 | 2.6 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 5,707,695 | 77.79 | 263 | ±0 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[29] | ||||||
| Candidate | First round | Second round | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||
| Mário Soares | 1,443,683 | 25.4 | 3,010,756 | 51.2 | |
| Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 2,629,597 | 46.3 | 2,872,064 | 48.8 | |
| Francisco Salgado Zenha | 1,185,867 | 20.9 | |||
| Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo | 418,961 | 7.4 | |||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 64,626 | – | 54,280 | – | |
| Turnout | 5,742,734 | 75.39 | 5,937,100 | 77.99 | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[30][31] | |||||
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mário Soares | 3,459,521 | 70.4 | |
| Basílio Horta | 696,379 | 14.2 | |
| Carlos Carvalhas | 635,373 | 12.9 | |
| Carlos Manuel Marques | 126,581 | 2.6 | |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 180,214 | – | |
| Turnout | 5,098,768 | 62.16 | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[32] | |||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Mário Soares | 1,493,146 | 43.1 | 12 | +2 | |
| PSD | Pacheco Pereira | 1,078,528 | 31.1 | 9 | ±0 | |
| CDU | Ilda Figueiredo | 357,671 | 10.3 | 2 | –1 | |
| CDS–PP | Paulo Portas | 283,067 | 8.2 | 2 | –1 | |
| BE | Miguel Portas | 61,920 | 1.8 | 0 | new | |
| Other parties | 79,619 | 2.3 | 0 | ±0 | ||
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 113,134 | 3.3 | – | – | ||
| Turnout | 3,467,085 | 39.93 | 25 | ±0 | ||
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[33] | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPP | Nicole Fontaine | 306 | 60.5 | |
| PES | Mário Soares | 200 | 39.5 | |
| Turnout | 506 | |||
| Source: Resultados[34] | ||||
| Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,773,431 | 50.5 | |
| Manuel Alegre | 1,138,297 | 20.7 | |
| Mário Soares | 785,355 | 14.3 | |
| Jerónimo de Sousa | 474,083 | 8.6 | |
| Francisco Louçã | 292,198 | 5.3 | |
| Garcia Pereira | 23,983 | 0.4 | |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | 102,785 | – | |
| Turnout | 5,590,132 | 61.53 | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições[35] | |||
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