Lubań | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Old Town | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Lubań | |
| Coordinates:51°07′05″N15°17′20″E / 51.11806°N 15.28889°E /51.11806; 15.28889 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship |  Lower Silesian |
| County | Lubań |
| Gmina | Lubań(urban gmina) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Grzegorz Wieczorek |
| Area | |
• Total | 16.12 km2 (6.22 sq mi) |
| Population (2019-06-30[1]) | |
• Total | 21,345 |
| • Density | 1,324/km2 (3,429/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 59-800 |
| Area code | +48 75 |
| Car plates | DLB |
| National roads |  |
| Voivodeship roads |    |
| Website | http://www.luban.pl |
Lubań[ˈlubaɲ] (German:Lauban;Czech:Lubáň), sometimes calledLubań Śląski (English:Silesian Lubań;Upper Sorbian:Lubań Šlešćina,pronounced[ˈlubanʲˈʃlɛʃtʃina]);[2][3] is a town in theLower Silesian Voivodeship in southwestPoland.[4] It is the administrative seat ofLubań County and also of the smallerGmina Lubań (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is a separate urbangmina in its own right).
Situated north of theJizera Mountains on the western shore of theKwisa River, Lubań is considered part of the historicUpper Lusatia region, although it was more closely associated withLower Silesia in the early 14th century and from 1815. It is located about 25 km (16 mi) east ofZgorzelec/Görlitz and about 45 km (28 mi) northwest ofJelenia Góra.
The town probably is at the site of a small settlement established by theWest Slavic Bieżuńczanie tribe, one of the oldPolish tribes,[5] in the 9th and 10th century. Bieżuńczanie together with theSorbianMilceni tribe, with whom they bordered in the west, were subjugated in 990 by theMargraviate of Meissen. From 1002 to 1031, the area was part ofPiast-ruled Poland. In 1156,Holy Roman EmperorFrederick Barbarossa vested his ally, thePřemyslid dukeVladislaus II of Bohemia with the territory aroundBautzen (Budissin), then called "Milsko", and after the 15th century called "Upper Lusatia".[citation needed]
Luban was grantedtown rights withMagdeburg rights in the course of the GermanOstsiedlung. It was first mentioned in 1268. Like several other town foundings under the rule of the Přemyslid dynasty, owing to its favourable location on the historicVia Regia trade route close to the border with theDuchy of Silesia, Luban expanded rapidly. Since about 1253, Upper Lusatia temporarily had been under the rule of theAscanian margravesJohn I andOtto III of Brandenburg. By the end of the 13th century, Luban's first brewery was founded by theFranciscans[6] andcloth production flourished thanks toFlemish settlers.[7] In 1297, a clothiers' uprising took place, which was brutally suppressed. Its two leaders werebeheaded at the market square.[7]
In 1319, the town became part of theDuchy of Jawor, the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented Piast-dynasty Poland.[8] DukeHenry I of Jawor built a new town hall, the ruins of which can be seen today (Kramarska Tower). In 1320, he founded a Magdalene monastery in Lubań.[9] He appointed a separatewójt for the town, which to that point administratively was subordinate to the wójt ofZgorzelec.[9] The centre of the medieval town was a square marketplace with perpendicular streets, leading to four gates: Görlitzer Tor (Zgorzelecka) to the west, Brüdertor (Bracka), built in 1318 together with stone curtains by Duke Henry of Jawor, to the south, Nikolaitor (Mikołajska) to the east and Naumburger Tor (Nowogrodziecka) to the north. The first mayor of the town was Nikolaus Hermann, and Luban received its own seal.
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In 1346, the town passed to theBohemian Crown. Under the rule of Bohemian kingCharles IV of Luxembourg, Luban on 10 August 1346 established theLusatian League, together with the towns ofBudissin (Upper Sorbian:Budyšin),Görlitz (Zhorjelc),Kamenz (Kamjenc),Löbau (Lubij) andZittau (Žitawa). Twice however, in 1427 and 1431, theHussites completely demolished the town; it was quickly rebuilt. In its history, the town has repeatedly suffered great fires, which often ruined the whole town. Many inhabitants died as a result of plagues.[citation needed] In 1437, Bohemian KingSigismund exempted the town from taxes for 15 years.[10]
In 1469, Luban became part ofHungary.[11] In 1490, it became again part of theKingdom of Bohemia, now ruled by theJagiellonian dynasty, and after 1526 by theHouse of Habsburg.[11] In 1498, Bohemian KingVladislaus II established an annual eight-day fair.[10] In the 15th and 16th century, brewing prospered, with local beer being popular throughoutLusatia andSilesia, it was even served in the famousPiwnica Świdnicka inBreslau (Wrocław).[6][10]
In 1628, Bohemian military leaderAlbrecht von Wallenstein visited the town.[12] With the 1635Peace of Prague, theHabsburg EmperorFerdinand II in his capacity as Bohemian king passed Lusatia with the town to theElectorate of Saxony. As a result of theThirty Years' War, the local economy collapsed, and in 1659, 1670 and 1696 the town was hit by fires.[13]
Residents celebrated theelection ofAugustus II the Strong as king of Poland and the formation of the Polish-Saxon union in 1697.[12] During August II's visit to the town just before his royal coronation, a parade of the town's self-defense troops was held.[12] With the union came prosperity.[13] The town prospered due tolinen and cloth production as well as trade in Polishoxen.[13] During his rule, theDom pod Okrętem ("House under the Ship") was built.[citation needed] August II visited the town once again in 1721.[12] The 1733 royal election of his sonAugust III of Poland was celebrated even more grandly, with five parades of municipal self-defense troops taking place.[12]
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Following theNapoleonic Wars, in 1815 the Lusatian territory around Lauban and Görlitz fell to theKingdom of Prussia after theVienna Congress and was incorporated into theProvince of Silesia. In 1865 and 1866, Lauban obtained railway connections withGörlitz andHirschberg (Jelenia Góra). Following theunification of Germany in 1871, the town became part of theGerman Empire.
DuringWorld War I, Lauban was the site of a largeprisoner-of-war camp, whose first prisoners, from September 1914, were soldiers ofImperial Russia, including Poles and Georgians conscripted into the Russian army (large parts of Polish and Georgian lands were under Russian rule before regaining independence by both countries in 1918).[14] From 1915, French soldiers as well as political prisoners and common criminals were also imprisoned there.[14]Aleksandra Szczerbińska, the future wife of the leader of interwar PolandJózef Piłsudski, was imprisoned there in 1916.[15] Józef Piłsudski and Aleksandra Piłsudska are today commemorated in Lubań with a memorial stone.[16] DuringWorld War II, the Nazis created numerousforced labor camps in the town, the largest of which wasWohnheimlager GEMA, in which Polish and Russian women were imprisoned.[17] Polish and Russian women were imprisoned also in other camps, as well as Russians, Hungarians, Frenchmen, Latvians and Ukrainians.[17] The present-day district of Księginki was the location of the E231 labor subcamp of theStalag VIII-B/344prisoner-of-war camp forAllied POWs.[18]
Lauban was the site of one of the lastNazi German victories inWorld War II. After it was taken in theUpper Silesian Offensive by theRed Army on 16 February 1945, theWehrmacht successfully retook the town in a counterattack on 8 March 1945.[19][20][21] After the war, the town became again part ofPoland in accordance with thePotsdam Agreement and was renamed to its historic Polish nameLubań. In 1945–46,the remaining German inhabitants were expelled, also in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, and the town was repopulated by Poles, including expellees fromformer eastern Poland, which was annexed by the Soviet Union. In the 1950sGreeks,refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in the town and its vicinity.[22]
From 1975 to 1998 it was part of the formerJelenia Góra Voivodeship. Between 1992 and 2004, the marketplace was renovated. Streets were paved and town houses around the Kramarska Tower were rebuilt.
There are the following workplaces in Lubań:
There are also the following notable companies:
In terms of entertainment and consumption, the town offers clubs, restaurants, swimming pools, a cinema and a small modern shopping centre.
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Lubań is the hub of culture in the Lubań Municipality. The town has a cultural centre (Dom Kultury). There is also a regional museum.[23]
Lubań is a stop on the Polish sections of theWay of St. James pilgrimage route.
Lubań has five kindergartens, five primary schools, and three secondary schools.
The Adam Mickiewicz Post-Primary School Complex (Zespół Szkół Ponadpodstawowych im. Adama Mickiewicza w Lubaniu) is ranked amongst the best secondary schools in the entire Lower Silesian Voivodeship.[24]
Lubań has a hospital, the Lucjan Kopeć Lusatian Medical Centre (Łużyckie Centrum Medyczne im. Lucjana Kopcia).[25]
The town is served byLubań Śląski railway station. It is operated byLower Silesian Railways with regional services toZgorzelec,Görlitz,Jelenia Góra, andWrocław (viaWęgliniec).
The Polishnational road 30, andVoivodeship roads 296, 357, 393 pass through the town. Apublic transport system has served the town since 2011.
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Points of interest in Lubań include:
Kamenz, Germany
Kolín, Czech RepublicKönigsbrück, GermanyLöbau, Germany
Prienai, Lithuania{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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