Louis Adamic | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Alojzij Adamič (1898-03-23)March 23, 1898 |
| Died | September 4, 1951(1951-09-04) (aged 53) Riegelsville, New Jersey, United States |
| Occupations | Author, translator |
| Awards | Anisfield-Wolf Book Award forFrom Many Lands |
Louis Adamic[notes 1] (Slovene:Alojzij Adamič; March 23, 1898[notes 2] – September 4, 1951) was aSlovene-American author and translator, mostly known for writing about and advocating for ethnic diversity of the United States.[5]
Louis Adamic was born at Praproče Mansion inPraproče pri Grosupljem in the region ofLower Carniola, in what is nowSlovenia (then part of theAustro-Hungarian Empire). He was baptizedAlojzij Adamič.[6] The oldest son of the peasants Anton and Ana Adamič,[7] he was given a limited childhood education at the city school and, in 1909, entered the primary school atLjubljana. Early in his third year he joined a secret students' political club associated with theYugoslav Nationalistic Movement that had recently sprung up in theSouth-Slavic provinces ofAustria-Hungary.
Swept up in a bloody demonstration in November 1913, Adamic was briefly jailed, expelled from school, and barred from any government educational institution. He was admitted to the Jesuit school in Ljubljana, but was unable to bring himself to go. "No more school for me. I was going to America," Adamic wrote. "I did not know how, but I knew that I would go."[8]
On December 31, 1913, at the age of 15, Adamicemigrated to the United States.[9]
He finally settled in a heavily ethnicCroatian fishing community ofSan Pedro, California. He became anaturalizedUnited States citizen in 1918 as Louis Adamic.[10]
Adamic first worked as amanual laborer and later at a Yugoslavian daily newspaper,Narodni Glas ("The Voice of the Nation"), that was published in New York. As an American soldier he participated in combat on theWestern front during theFirst World War.[11] After the war he worked as a journalist and professional writer.
All of Adamic's writings are based on his labor experiences in America and his former life in Slovenia. He achieved national acclaim in America in 1934 with his bookThe Native's Return, which was a bestseller directed againstKing Alexander's regime in theKingdom of Yugoslavia. This book gave many Americans their first real knowledge of theBalkans. In it, Adamic predicted that America would prosper by eventually "going left", i.e. adopting socialism.
He received theGuggenheim Fellowship award in 1932. During theSecond World War he had supported theYugoslav National liberation struggle and the establishment of asocialist Yugoslav federation. He founded theUnited Committee of South-Slavic Americans in support ofMarshal Tito. From 1949 he was a corresponding member of theSlovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
From 1940 onwards he served as editor of the magazineCommon Ground. Adamic was the author ofDynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America (1931);Laughing in the Jungle: The Autobiography of an Immigrant in America (1932);The Native's Return: An American Immigrant Visits Yugoslavia and Discovers His Old Country (1934);Grandsons: A Story of American Lives (1935, novel);Cradle of Life: The Story of One Man's Beginnings (1936, novel);The House in Antigua (1937, travel);My America (1938);From Many Lands (1940);Two-Way Passage (1941);What's Your Name? (1942);My Native Land (1943);Nation of Nations (1945); andThe Eagle and the Roots (1950).Maxim Lieber was his literary agent, 1930–1931 and in 1946. In 1941, Adamic won theAnisfield-Wolf Book Award forFrom Many Lands.[12]
Adamic was strongly opposed to the foreign policy followed by British Prime MinisterWinston Churchill, and in 1946 wroteDinner at the White House, which purported to be an account of a dinner party given by PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt at which Adamic and Churchill had both been present. After the proofs had been passed by publishersHarper and Brothers, an additional footnote was inserted in pages 151 and 152 which claimed that Churchill had opposed theNational Liberation Front in Greece because they intended to scale down the rate of interest Greece was paying toHambros Bank. The footnote further claimed that Hambros had "bailed Winston Churchill out of bankruptcy in 1912". The footnote appeared in the book when it was published, and a copy was circulated to every British Member of Parliament; when Churchill was alerted, he instructed his solicitors to issue a writ forlibel. Harper and Brothers admitted the statement was untrue and Adamic also withdrew the claim and apologised; a substantial sum of damages was paid,[13] reported by theDaily Express as £5,000.[14] As of 2011[update] the copy ofDinner at the White House in theBritish Library is held in theSuppressed Safe collection, inaccessible to readers.[15]
His support for the Tito regime led to him being targeted[how?] by Nevada SenatorPat McCarran, who between May and September 1949, chaired a subcommittee to expose Soviet sympathizers among ethnic communities.[16]
In 1951, he was found shot in his home in theRiegelsville section ofPohatcong Township, New Jersey, with his house burning and with a rifle in his hand.[17] It was supposed by assistantHunterdon County physician Dr. John Fuhrmann to be suicide. However,State Police Lieutenant J.J. Harris implied that foul play was a possibility.[17] Found in Adamic's pocket by the police was a newspaper clipping of a story headlined "Adamic Red Spy, Woman Charges."[17]
Herbert Heisel, Hunterdon County Prosecutor, claimed that there was no reason to contradict the initial report of a suicide after further investigative and laboratory reports.[18]
John Roy Carlson, present at the burial of Adamic, said he believed Adamic was murdered by the Soviet Government, who were threatened by the impending publication ofThe Eagle and the Roots.[19] Other unnamed friends of Adamic were reported to have said that he had been threatened due to his support for Marshal Tito following Yugoslavia's recent exit from theSoviet Bloc.[20]
Anton Smole, ofTanjug, alleged that Adamic had told of him of multiple occasions in which unknown men had threatened Adamic over his public sympathies as a writer forTitoism and theanti-Stalinist Left. Included in these claims is a reported visit to Adamic's farmhouse in October 1949 from an unknown man who warned him to stop submitting magazine articles that were friendly to Yugoslavia. Reportedly, Adamic had also been beaten severely on a California beach sometime in 1951, and left with the warning that he would be murdered if he continued writing about Yugoslavia.[21]
Ethel Sharp, Adamic's typist, claimed he had told her of an incident in October 1950 in which four unidentified men visited Adamic's home and threateningly inquired about the progress ofThe Eagle and the Roots. However, Adamic was apparently unfazed by the visit. The episode had not been reported to the authorities.[21]
In 1957, Howard L. Yowell, the then-current owner of the house where Adamic died, found $12,350 cash in a tin box within a wall of the farmhouse. TheFlemington Police speculated that the money had belonged to Adamic.[22]
According to John McAleer'sEdgar Award-winningRex Stout: A Biography (1977), it was the influence of Adamic that ledRex Stout to make his fictional detectiveNero Wolfe a native of Montenegro, in what was then Yugoslavia.[23] Stout and Adamic were friends and frequent political allies, and Stout expressed uncertainty to McAleer about the circumstances of Adamic's death. In any case, the demise seems to have inspired Stout's 1954 novelThe Black Mountain, in which Nero Wolfe returns to his homeland to hunt down the killers of an old friend.
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