This article contains alist of political parties in Belgium.

Belgium is afederal state with amulti-party political system, with numerous parties who factually have no chance of gaining power alone, and therefore must work with each other to formcoalition governments.

Almost allBelgianpolitical parties are divided into linguistic groups, eitherDutch-speaking parties (see alsopolitical parties in Flanders),Francophone parties orGermanophone parties.

The Flemish parties operate inFlanders and in theBrussels-Capital Region. The Francophone parties operate inWallonia and in the Brussels-Capital Region. There are also parties operating in the comparatively smallGerman-speaking community.

From the creation of the Belgian state in 1830 and throughout most of the 19th century, two political parties dominatedBelgian politics: theCatholic Party (Church-oriented andconservative) and theLiberal Party (anti-clerical andprogressive). In the late 19th century, theLabour Party arose to represent the emerging industrial working class. These three groups still dominate Belgian politics, but they have evolved substantially in character.

In Belgium, the status of political parties is not defined or regulated by the constitution or by laws. A party does not even need to be a formal organisation or be registered; they can exist de facto. Anyone can simply stand for elections by presenting an electoral list, provided the candidates are eligible and the list is supported by incumbent members of that body or by a certain number of voters.

Nevertheless, some aspects have been strictly regulated in the last decades. Private funding of political parties is very restricted; political parties are publicly funded based on the number of votes they received in the elections as well as for parliamentary groups (in total c. €70 million per year). Campaign expenses are regulated during a certain period preceding an election (sperperiode).

The law of 4 July 1989 on electoral expenses (forChamber elections) and party financing uses the following definition of a political party:

The association ofnatural persons, either with or withoutlegal personality, that participates in elections defined by the Constitution and by law, that, in accordance with article 117 of the Electoral Code, presents candidates for the office of representative in each electoral district of a Community or Region and that, within the limits of the Constitution, of the law, the decree and the ordinance, aims to influence the expression of the popular will in the way described in its articles or its programme.

Onenon-profit association (vzw/asbl) must be designated in order to receive public funding and provide accounting to an audit committee. Usually the main political parties have multiple such vzws/asbls that exist to facilitate their party structure. For example, whenVlaams Blok was taken to court for racism in 2004, the court in fact convicted three vzws, after which a successor partyVlaams Belang was founded.

Equivalent laws exist for the electoral expenses in the European Parliament elections, the regional elections and local elections.

AfterWorld War II, theCatholic (now Christian Democratic) Party severed its formal ties with the Church. It became a mass party of the centre.

In 1968, the Christian Democratic Party, responding to linguistic tensions in the country, divided into two independent parties: theParti Social Chrétien (PSC) in French-speaking Belgium and theChristelijke Volkspartij (CVP) in Flanders. The two parties pursue the same basic policies but maintain separate organisations. The CVP is the larger of the two, getting more than twice as many votes as the PSC. The chairman of the Flemish Catholic party is nowSammy Mahdi. Maxime Prévot is president of the Francophone Catholic party. Following the1999 general elections, the CVP and PSC were ousted from office, bringing an end to a 40-year term on the government benches. In 2001, the CVP changed its name toChristen-Democratisch en Vlaams (CD&V). In 1971 the German wing of the PSC became independent to get the nameChristlich Soziale Partei. In 2002, the PSC changed its name toCentre démocrate humaniste (cdH), and in 2022 again toLes Engagés ('The Committed Ones') abandoning their christian democratic roots.^[1]

After the big losses in the 1999 general elections, when both CVP and PSC were banished to the opposition benches, some party members decided to leave the mother parties in order to form a newliberal-conservative party. InFlanders, theNew Christian Democrats (NCD) was founded byJohan Van Hecke and Karel Pinxten. InWallonia, theCitizens' Movement for Change (MCC) was founded byGérard Deprez. Both parties soon joined the major liberal parties, respectively the VLD in Flanders and the MR in Wallonia.

The modern Belgian Socialist parties are the descendants of theBelgian Labour Party. They have lost much of their earlyMarxist trends. They are now primarily labour-based parties similar to the GermanSocial Democratic Party and the FrenchSocialist Party. The Socialists have been part of several postwar governments and have produced some of the country's most distinguished statesmen. The Socialists also split along linguistic lines in 1978.Conner Rousseau is the current head of the Flemish Socialist Party andPaul Magnette is the current president of the Francophone Socialists. In general, the Walloon Socialists tend to concentrate on domestic issues. In the 1980s, the Flemish Socialists focused heavily on international issues, and on security in Europe in particular, where they frequently opposed U.S. policies. However, first withWilly Claes, thenFrank Vandenbroucke and withErik Derycke asForeign Minister, all three Flemish Socialists, the party made a significant shift to the centre adopting less controversial stances on foreign policy issues.

The FrancophoneParti Socialiste (PS) is mainly based in the industrial cities of Wallonia (Liège,Charleroi, andMons). The Flemish Socialists' support is less regionally concentrated. PS is known in East Belgium asSozialistische Partei (SP). The Flemish Socialists changed their party's name toSocialistische Partij Anders (SP.a) in 2002 and toVooruit in 2021.

Recently, because of grassroots allegations about the party's "too little Socialist stand" in many political issues, a radical party wing broke away from the motherparty and formed, with support from smaller leftist parties, theCommittee for Another Policy (CAP). Within the SP.a, the more MarxistSP.a-Rood, is trying to change the course of the party.

The Liberal Parties chiefly appeal to businesspeople, property owners, shopkeepers, and the self-employed, in general. In the terms generally used in English-speaking countries, Belgian liberals would be called "moderate conservatives", "fiscal conservatives" and "social liberals".

There are two Liberal parties, formed along linguistic lines: TheOpen Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (Open VLD) who opened up their ranks to Volksunie and CD&V defectors some years ago, managed to break the dominance of CD&V over Belgian politics in 1999. Open VLD is currently headed byEva De Bleeker.^[2] TheMouvement Réformateur (MR) is the equivalent party on the Francophone side, and is headed byGeorges-Louis Bouchez. The MR is a federation mainly composed of the formerPRL,^[3] it is also composed of the GermanophonePartei für Freiheit und Fortschritt (PFF),^[3] and is eventually also composed of the Christian-democratic split-off calledMCC. It used to be composed of the Brussels-basedFDF until September 2012,^[3] which is now an independent party.^[4]

Recently, the Flemish liberal party faced several high-ranking elected officials breaking away in order to found new "right-liberal" parties: MEPWard Beysen (Liberaal Appèl, LA), senator Leo Goovaerts (Veilig Blauw), senatorHugo Coveliers (VLOTT), chief of the High Supervisory CommitteeWilly Vermeulen (Verstandig Rechts), VLD board memberBoudewijn Bouckaert (Cassandra vzw) and senatorJean-Marie Dedecker (Lijst Dedecker, LDD). There has been also francophone "right-liberal" parties: senatorAlain Destexhe (Listes Destexhe) and former Deputy Head of the Cabinet of Serge Kubla (firstLibéral Démocrate, LiDé and later co-foundedParti populaire, PP).

The firstcommunist party in Belgium was founded by the more radical elements of theBelgian Labour Party in 1921 and was named theCommunist Party of Belgium (KPB-PCB). The party was a member of theComintern and entered parliament in 1925. It received its highest score in the post-warelections of 1946, when it won 12.7% of the popular vote and took part in the next coalition government. With the start of theCold War the party started its decline and after theelections of 1985 it was no longer represented in theBelgian Parliament. The party eventually disbanded itself in 1989, but two minor parties, theKommunistische Partij (KP) in Flanders and theParti Communiste (PC) in Wallonia, see themselves as the successors.

The most successfulMaoist movement to emerge in Belgium wasAll Power To The Workers (AMADA-TPO) at the end of the 1960s during a time of students protests at theUniversity of Leuven. In 1979 this movement evolved into theWorkers' Party of Belgium (PVDA-PTB), which is currently the largest communist party in Belgium and is represented in various municipal and provincial councils, as well as in theChamber of Representatives, in theFlemish Parliament, in theWalloon Parliament and in theBrussels Parliament.

Other minor communist and far-left parties include: theTrotskyistRevolutionary Communist League (LCR-SAP) and the Left Socialist Party (LSP-PSL).

A specific phenomenon in Belgium was the emergence of one-issue parties whose only reason for existence was the defence of the cultural, political, and economic interests of one of the linguistic groups or regions of Belgian society. SeeFlemish movement.

The most militant Flemish regional party in Parliament in the 1950s and 1960s, theVolksunie (VU), once drew nearly one-quarter of Belgium's Dutch-speaking electorate away from the traditional parties. The Volksunie was in the forefront of a successful campaign by the country's Flemish population for cultural and political parity with the nation's long dominant French-speaking population. However, in the nineties, the party has suffered severe setbacks. In October 2001, the party disintegrated. The left-liberal wing foundedSpirit, later called theSocial Liberal Party, while the more traditional Flemish nationalist wing continued under the bannerNieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA). After a disappointing result in theregional elections of 2009, the Social Liberal Party decided to merge with the Flemish ecologists ofGroen!. The N-VA, on the other hand, formed an electoral alliance with Christian-democratic CD&V from 2004 to 2008. After this period, the party's popularity grew significantly and it became the largest Flemish party. N-VA won the 2010 federal elections with 28% of the Flemish votes (17.4% of overall vote) and the 2014 Flemish parliament election with 31.9% of votes. The N-VA is led byBart De Wever who has been mayor of Antwerp since 2013.^[5] N-VA memberGeert Bourgeois has been minister-president of the Flemish government from 2014 to 2019. N-VA policies are primarily focused on economic reform through extendeddevolution of political power within the Belgianconfederation model of governance, and do eventually propose full secession from the Belgian confederation.

Democratic, Federalist, Independent (DéFI) is a Brussels French-speaking Belgian political party that aims to defend and expand linguistic rights of French-speaking people in and around Brussels. It has been affiliated with theMouvement Réformateur, a liberal alliance party, under the name FDF.

TheUnion des Francophones (UF) is an electoral list combining the major Belgian Francophone parties for the regional elections in Flanders.

The German-speakingPro deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft (ProDG) is the successor of the hard-linePartei der Deutschsprachigen Belgier (PDB). PDB itself split from the Christian-democratic CSP and was a member ofEuropean Free Alliance andFederal Union of European Nationalities (ProDG is still member of the latter).

The Flemish (Agalev) and Francophone (Ecolo) ecologist parties made their parliamentary breakthrough in 1981. They focus heavily on environmental issues and are the most consistent critics of U.S. policy. Following significant gains made in the 1999 general elections, the two green parties joined a federal coalition cabinet for the first time in their history, but were ousted after the next elections. Agalev subsequently changed its name to Groen! in 2003. In 2012, the party dropped its trademark exclamation point and went on asGroen.

The foremost Flemish party in Belgium is theVlaams Belang, which was founded in 2004, after its predecessor was condemned by a High Court for "permanent incitation to discrimination and racism." On the far right, the Flanders separatist partyVlaams Blok steadily rose in the 1980s and 1990s. The other parties except thefortuynist partyVLOTT maintain acordon sanitaire on the Vlaams Belang as they did the Vlaams Blok.^[6][7] Although other parties in Belgium are supportive of Flemish and Dutch cultural issues, the Vlaams Belang is most strident in pursuing a secessionist agenda, for Flemish independence.

In Wallonia, theFront National (FN) was the largest anti-immigrant Wallonian party. Officially, it was a bilingual party, but in reality, it was a purely French-speaking group, although it did support Belgian federalism.

After the installation of a 5%electoral threshold, with private funding close to forbidden and public funding only for parties with at least one representative in parliament, some of the smaller parties have made alliances with a larger, more traditional party, especially in the Flemish Region. Parties in any alliance remain independent, but they would field candidates on one combined list at elections. In general,the smaller party/parties would be assured of gaining seats, and the larger party would be assured of obtaining a larger overall share of the vote. This was especially true for the CD&V/N-VA alliance, whereby CD&V became the largest party by votes in the Flemish regional elections, so therefore it could initiate coalition talks and the party could appoint the leader of the Flemish regional government. The VLD/Vivant alliance did not perform well in the polls. The proposed SP.a/Spirit/Groen! alliance did not happen, instead the SP.a/Spirit alliance went to the polls, although the tripartite cartel became reality in some constituencies on the local level in the October 2006 municipal elections.

• Farmer Citizen Interests (BoerBurgerBelangen)
• For You (Voor U)
• VLOTT
• VolksLiga - Libertarian party

• Liberal Democrats (LiDem) (formerListes Destexhe)
• Chez Nous
• Collectif Citoyen

• Piratenpartij - Parti pirate
• DierAnimal (Party for the animals)^[8]
• Be.One (immigrant rights)^[9]
• Communistische Partij van België(PCB) (Communist Party of Belgium)
• Agora
• Belgische Unie - Union Belge(BUB) (Belgian Union)
• Pro Bruxsel
• European Federalist Party
• Comité voor een Andere Politiek - Comité pour une Autre Politique(CAP) (Committee for Another Policy)
• Internationale Arbeidersliga - Ligue Internationale des Travailleurs (International Workers' League)
• Ligue communiste révolutionnaire - Socialistische Arbeiderspartij/LCR-SAP (Revolutionary Communist League)
• Linkse Socialistische Partij - Parti Socialiste de Lutte/LSP-PSL (Left Socialist Party)
• Volt Belgique - België - Belgien (Belgian section ofVolt Europa)
• l'Unie(Unitaire)

• Catholic Party (1869–1945)
• Frontpartij (1919–1933)
• Communist Party of Belgium (1921–1989)
• Christian Social Party (1945–1968)
• Rexist Party - Walloon far right party (1935–1945)
• Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond - Flemish far right party (1933–1944)
• Catholic Flemish People's Party (1936–1945)
• Agir - Walloon far right party (1989–1997)
• Party of New Forces - Walloon far right party (1975–1991)
• Force Nationale - Walloon far right party
• Front Nouveau de Belgique - Walloon far right party
• Rassemblement Wallonie-France
• Rassemblement Wallon
• Parti Communautaire National-Européen
• Anderz
• ROSSEM
• Rood! (Red!, socialist party)
• Libertair, Direct, Democratisch/LDD (Libertarian, Direct, Democratic)

• Political parties in Flanders
• List of political parties by country
• Liberalism in Belgium
• Pillarisation
• Politics of Belgium
• Politics of Flanders
• Politics of Wallonia

• Political parties in Belgium
• Lists of political parties by country
• Belgium politics-related lists
• Lists of political parties in Europe
• Lists of organisations based in Belgium

• Webarchive template wayback links
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata