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List of oldest trees

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of longest living trees

Pando, a colony ofquaking aspen, is one of the oldest-known clonal trees. Recent estimates of its age range from 16,000 to 80,000 by the latest (2024) estimate.[1] It is located inUtah, United States.

This is a list of theoldest-known trees. Definitions of longevity vary betweenclonal trees, ones where parts of the tree continue to live after the death of the first trunk or trunks, and non-clonal trees.[2] Tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" (dendrochronological) count core samples,radiocarbon dating, girth-to-age formulas, and estimates from growth rates.[3] For these reasons, there are three lists of "oldest trees" here, using different criteria.

The three tables of trees are listed by age andspecies. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencingtree rings or throughradiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table listsclonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are theGreat Basin bristlecone pine trees fromCalifornia andNevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.[4]

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000quaking aspen trees (nicknamedPando), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in theFishlake National Forest ofUtah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at about 16,000 to 80,000 years,[1] although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years.[5][6][7][8][9] A colony ofHuon pine trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) onMount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined byDNA samples taken frompollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[10]

Non-clonal trees with verified ages

[edit]

This list contains all trees with verified ages more than 2000 years, and a sample of notable trees (one per species) younger than that.

NameAge
(years)		Year GerminatedSpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Prometheus
(WPN-114)		4,9602936+ BCEGreat Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		Wheeler Peak,NevadaUnited StatesCut down byDonald Rusk Currey in 1964.[11]
Methuselah4,860[nb 1]2836 BCEGreat Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		White Mountains (California)United StatesIt is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[13]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo3,6541630+ BCEPatagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides		Cordillera Pelada,Los RíosChileAlive.[13][14] New unconfirmed estimation of 5,484 years would make it the oldest (non-clonal) tree in the world.[15] Located withinAlerce Costero National Park.[16]
CBR263,2661374 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[13][17]
D-213,2201305+ BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[13][18]
D-233,0751122+ BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[13][18]
CMC 33,0331240+ BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[13][19]
Scofield Juniper2,6751510+ BCESierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[20]		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[13][21]
BLK2272,650626 BCEBald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Three Sisters Cove,Black River (North Carolina)United States[22]
?2,521407 BCECoast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		CaliforniaUnited States[23]
CB-90-112,468444 BCERocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata		CentralColoradoUnited States[13][24]
Panke baobab2,464440 BCEAfrican baobab
Adansonia digitata		Matabeleland NorthZimbabweDied in 2011; the oldest non-clonalangiosperm ever documented.[25]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi2,312288 BCESacred fig
Ficus religiosa		Anuradhapura,North Central ProvinceSri LankaA sapling claimed to be from theBodhi tree, the legendary tree under which theBuddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE bySanghamitra, daughter of EmperorAshoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[26]
?2,246222 BCEQilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii		Delingha,Qinghai ProvinceChina[13][27]
Bennett Juniper2,164140 BCESierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[20]		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited States[28]
SHP 72,110?Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		Sierra NevadaCaliforniaUnited States[13]
BLK2322,09470 BCEBald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Three Sisters Cove,Black River (North Carolina)United States[22]
CRE 1752,05329 BCERocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		NorthernNew MexicoUnited States[13][29]
Miles Juniper1,837183Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[30]		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited States[13][30]
Jōmon Sugi1,814211Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica		Yakushima IslandJapan[31]
KET 39961,728297Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		Ketchum, IdahoUnited States[13][32]
FL1171,687338Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		OntarioCanada[13][33]
BCK 691,659366Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Bladen County, North CarolinaUnited States[13][34]
?1,636?Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis		Vancouver IslandCanada[13]
FL1011,567?Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		OntarioCanada[13]
Italus1,238788Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		Pollino National ParkItalyAlive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[35]

Non-clonal trees with estimated ages

[edit]

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

NameAge
(years)		SpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo5,484Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides }		Cordillera Pelada,Los RíosChileA new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of3,654.[15][16]
?[nb 2]5,077Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		White Mountains (California)United StatesTree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[13][36]
Llangernyw Yew4,000–5,000Common yew
Taxus baccata		Llangernyw,ConwyUnited KingdomGirth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh4,500Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		Abarkuh,YazdIranAlso called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[37][38]
Gümeli Porsuğu4,115Yew
Taxus baccata		ZonguldakTurkeyAlive, found in 2016.[39][40]
The Ancient Yew4,000Yew
Taxus baccata		Tisbury, WiltshireUnited Kingdom37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated byDavid Bellamy.[41]
The Senator3,500Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens		Longwood, FloridaUnited StatesDied in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[42][43]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)3,350European olive tree

Olea europea L. var.europaea

Mouriscas, AbrantesPortugalAlive.[44][45]
S'Ozzastru3,000–4,000Olive
Olea europaea		Luras,SardiniaItaly[46]
The President3,200Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada,CaliforniaUnited StatesAlive.
Fortingall Yew3,000Common yew
Taxus baccata		Fortingall,PerthshireUnited KingdomAlive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[47][48][clarification needed]
Alishan Sacred Tree3,000Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis		Alishan National Scenic Area,ChiayiTaiwanCollapsed on 1 July 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[49]
Patriarca da Floresta [pt]3,020Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro,São PauloBrazilAlive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at theVassununga State Park.[50]
Great Camphor of Takeo3,000+Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree"		Takeo, SagaJapanA large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[51] Worshipped at aShinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[52] Alive.
Raintree3,000+Great Basin bristlecone pineSpring Mountains,NevadaUnited StatesGreat Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia [Wikidata]2,850Olive
Olea europaea		Santa Iria de Azoia,LouresPortugalMagnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied byUTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by thePortuguese National Forest Authority;Tree ID[53]
Mother of the Forest2,520Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada,Calaveras Big Trees State Park,CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.
Sarv Zibad2,500Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		Sarv Zibad,KhorasanIranAlso called "holly Sarv".[37][38]
General Sherman2,300–2,700Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Giant Forest,Sequoia National Park, CaliforniaUnited StatesAlive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimatedbole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is thelargest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on Earth.[54][55]
Kayano Ōsugi2,300Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		Yamanaka Onsen,IshikawaJapanGirth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in aShinto shrine. Its name translates as "GreatSugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia2,210Olive
Olea europaea		Santa Luzia,Tavira,AlgarvePortugalAlive.[56]
Jōmon Sugi2,170–7,200Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		YakushimaJapanGirth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to theJōmon period ofJapanese prehistory.[57][58][59]
Ballyconnell Yew2,000–5,000Yew
Taxus baccata		Ballyconnell,AnnaghIrelandOldest tree in Ireland.[citation needed]
Elia Vouvon2,000–5,000Olive
Olea europaea		Kolymvari,CreteGreeceIts name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[60]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi2,000–4,000Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa		SicilyItalyIts name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Chandelier Tree2,000-2,500Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		Leggett, CaliforniaUnited StatesThe name "Chandelier Tree" comes from its unusual limbs that resemble achandelier. The limbs, which measure from 4 to 7 ft (1.2 to 2.1 m) in diameter, begin 100 ft (30 m) above the ground. It is 2,400 years old.[61]
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu2,000–3,000Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis		Ulleung-gun,GyeongbukSouth KoreaGirth of 4.5 m. One of the main branches was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Stara Maslina2,249 (2,016-2482)[62]Olive
Olea europaea		Stari Bar,BarMontenegro
Tnjri2,040+Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis		Martuni RegionAzerbaijanOldest tree in a part ofAzerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Koca Katran2,030Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani		AntalyaTurkeyAlive.[63]
?2,010Olive
Olea europaea		Exo Hora,ZakynthosGreece[64]
?2,010Yew
Taxus		Sochi,Krasnodar KraiRussiaA grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[65]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa2,000Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		Nakagawa Settlement,Yamakita, KanagawaJapan
Lady Liberty2,000+Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Longwood,FloridaUnited StatesSometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tejo Milenario2,000+Yew
Taxus baccata		Cazorla,JaénSpainOldest tree in Spain.[66]
?1,952Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii		Kananaskis,AlbertaCanada[67]
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree1,000[68]-2,000Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia		Temecula,CaliforniaUnited StatesOldest oak tree in theUnited States, possibly in the world.
Methuselah1,800Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		Woodside,CaliforniaUnited States[69]
Araucaria Madre1,810Araucaria araucanaAraucaníaChileLocated in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[70]
Granit oak1,679Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		GranitBulgaria
Kongeegen1,500–2,000Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		Jægerspris Nordskov,ZealandDenmark[71]
Stelmužė Oak1,500–2,000Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		Stelmužė,ZarasaiLithuaniaOldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew1,500–2,000Common yew
Taxus baccata		VilémoviceCzech Republic345 cm (136 in) in circumference.[72]
Aubépines1,500Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna		Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie,MayenneFranceOldest tree in France.[73]
Jardine Juniper1,500Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		Logan Canyon,UtahUnited States[74]
Árbol del Tule1,433–1,600Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum		Santa María del Tule,OaxacaMexicoStoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine1,300Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		Pirin MountainsBulgariaOldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere1,200–4,000Kauri
Agathis australis		Waipoua Forest,NorthlandNew ZealandOldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Cis Henrykowski1270Common Yew
Taxus Baccata		Henryków Lubański,Lower Silesia,PolandOldest tree in Poland. The age of the tree was estimated based on the trunk circumference and growth rate assessed by taking a core from an undamaged part of the trunk. If the trunk is the result of the fusion of two or three trunks, its age may be younger.[75]
Algarrobo Abuelo1,200+Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis		Villa de Merlo,San Luis ProvinceArgentinaPossibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.[citation needed]
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah"1,163 ±131[76]Olive
Olea europaea		Bchaaleh,North GovernorateLebanonFolk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned toNoah's Ark at the waning of theBiblical Flood.[77]
Olive Tree of Mouchão3350Olive

Olea europaea

Mouriscas,AbrantesPortugalIn 2016, José Luís Lousada, a researcher at theUniversity of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, estimated the tree's age at approximately 3350 years usingdendrometry. According to this assessment with an estimate age precision of 2%, it is considered the oldest tree in Portugal.[78]

Clonal trees

[edit]

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of aclonal colony isalive (in the sense of activemetabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via theirroot systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area throughvegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]

NameAge
(years)		SpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Wollemi Pines60+ million yearsWollemi pine
Wollemia nobilis		Wollemi National Park,New South WalesAustraliaAccording to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at theANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute "winner" for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[79]
Unknown43,600–130,000King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica		Southwest National Park,TasmaniaAustraliaLomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[80]
Pandoless than 16,000–80,000[1][6]Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides		Fishlake National Forest,UtahUnited StatesCovers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also theheaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[81]13,000[82]Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri		Jurupa Mountains,CaliforniaUnited StatesQuercus palmeri Engelm. =Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[82]
Old Tjikko9,550Norway spruce
Picea abies		Fulufjället National Park,DalarnaSwedenThe tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[83][84] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[85] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[86]
Old Rasmus9,500Norway spruce
Picea abies		Sonfjället,HärjedalenSweden[87]
Mongarlowe mallee3,000–13,000Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva		Mongarlowe,New South WalesAustraliaAlive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of itslignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[88]
unknown3,000[89]–10,000[90]Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii		Mount Read,TasmaniaAustraliaSeveral genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[10]
Antarctic Beech2,000Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei		Repeater Station Road,Springbrook National Park,QueenslandAustraliaThree individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[91]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[12] The age given here is based on this reference point.
  2. ^Not named yet

References

[edit]
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  4. ^Farmer 2022, p. 10.
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