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Genre is the term for any category of creative work, which includes literature and other forms of art or entertainment (e.g. music)—whether written or spoken, audio or visual—based on some set of stylistic criteria. Genres are formed by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones are discontinued. Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions.
Anaction story is similar toadventure, and theprotagonist usually takes a risky turn, which leads to desperate situations (including explosions, fight scenes, daring escapes, etc.). Action and adventure are usually categorized together (sometimes even as "action-adventure") because they have much in common, and many stories fall under both genres simultaneously (for instance, theJames Bond series can be classified as both).
Military fiction: A story about a war or battle that can either be historical or fictional. It usually follows the events a certain warrior goes through during the battle's events.
Spy fiction: A story about a secret agent (spy) or military personnel member who is sent on anespionage mission. Usually, they are equipped with special gadgets that prove useful during the mission, and they have special training in things such as unarmed combat orcomputer hacking. They may or may not work for a specific government.
Anadventure story is about a protagonist who journeys to epic or distant places to accomplish something. It can have many other genre elements included within it, because it is a very open genre. The protagonist has a mission and faces obstacles to get to their destination. Also, adventure stories usually include unknown settings and characters with prized properties or features.
Superhero fiction: a story that examines the adventures of costumed crime fighters known as superheroes, who often possess superhuman powers and battle similarly powered criminals, known assupervillains.
Comedy is a story intended to amuse the audience. It is a very open genre, and thus crosses over with many other genres on a frequent basis.
Comedy of manners: A work that satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class, often represented bystock characters. The plot of the comedy is often concerned with an illicit love affair or some other scandal, but is generally less important than its witty dialogue. This form of comedy has a long ancestry, dating back at least as far asShakespeare'sMuch Ado about Nothing.
Comic fantasy: A subgenre of fantasy that is primarily humorous in intent and tone. Usually set in imaginary worlds, comic fantasy often includes puns on and parodies of other works of fantasy. It is sometimes known as low fantasy in contrast to high fantasy, which is primarily serious in intent and tone. The term "low fantasy" is also used to represent other types of fantasy, so while comic fantasies may also correctly be classified as low fantasy, many examples of low fantasy are not comic in nature.
Dark comedy: A comedic story that is based on normally tragic or taboo subjects, including death, murder, suicide, illicit drugs, and war.
Science fiction comedy: A comedy that uses science fiction elements or settings, often as a lighthearted (or occasionally vicious) parody of the latter genre.
Satire: Often strictly defined as a literary genre or form, though in practice it is also found in the graphic and performing arts. In satire, human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement. Satire is usually meant to be funny, but its purpose is not primarily humor as an attack on something the author disapproves of, using wit. A common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony or sarcasm, but parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre all frequently appear in satirical speech and writing. The essential point, is that "in satire, irony is militant;" this "militant irony" (i.e.,sarcasm) often professes to approve (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist actually wishes to attack.
Absurdist andsurrealist: closely related/overlapping genres that challenge casual and rudimentary reasoning and even the most basic purposefulness found within life. There is often, though not always, a connection to comedy.
The absurdist genre focuses on the experiences of characters in situations where they cannot find any inherentpurpose in life, most often represented by ultimately meaningless actions and events that call into question the certainty of existential concepts such as truth or value. Elements common to this genre include satire,dark humor, incongruity, the abasement ofreason, and controversy regarding the philosophical condition of being "nothing".[1]
The surreal genre is predicated on deliberate violations ofcausality, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions,non-sequiturs, irrational, or absurd situations and expressions ofnonsense.
Acrime story is often about a crime that is being committed or was committed, but can also be an account of a criminal's life. Amystery story follows an investigator as they attempt to solve a puzzle (often a crime). The details and clues are presented as the story continues and the protagonist discovers them and by the end of the story the mystery is solved. For example, in the case of a crime mystery, the perpetrator and motive behind the crime are revealed and the perpetrator is brought to justice. But in some circumstances the person who has committed the crime or committed a crime before will not always be brought to justice it may end unsolved. Mystery novels are often written in series, which facilitates a more in-depth development of the primary investigator.[2][3]
Detective story: A story about a detective or person, either professional or amateur, who has to solve a crime that was committed. They must figure out who committed the crime and why. Sometimes, the detective must figure out 'how' the criminal committed the crime if it seems impossible.
Whodunit: This is a complex, plot-driven variety of the detective story in which the audience is given the opportunity to engage in the same process of deduction as the protagonist throughout the investigation of a crime. The reader or viewer is provided with the clues from which the identity of the perpetrator may be deduced before the story provides the revelation itself at its climax. The investigation is usually conducted by an eccentric amateur or semi-professional detective.
Gentleman thief: Centers around particularly well-behaving and apparently well-bred thieves. They rarely bother with anonymity or force, preferring to rely on their charisma, physical attractiveness, and clever misdirection to steal the most unobtainable objects – sometimes for their own support, but mostly for the thrill of the act itself.
Gong'an fiction: A subgenre of historical crime fiction that involves governmentmagistrates who solve criminal cases.
Legal thriller: This subgenre of thriller and crime fiction presents stories in which the major characters are lawyers, judges, and/or their employees. Examples includePrimal Fear (1993) andBlood Defense (2016).
Murder mystery: A mystery story that focuses on homicides. Usually, the detective must figure out who killed one or several victims. They may or may not find themselves or loved ones in danger because of this investigation. The genre often includes elements of thesuspense story genre, or of theaction andadventure genres.
Hardboiled: This is a literary genre sharing the setting with crime fiction (especially detective stories). Though deriving from the romantic tradition—which emphasized the emotions of apprehension, horror and terror, and awe—hardboiled fiction deviates from the tradition in the detective's cynical attitude towards those emotions. The attitude is conveyed through the detective'sself-talk describing to the reader what he is doing and feeling.
Afantasy story is aboutmagic orsupernatural forces, as opposed to technology as seen inscience fiction. Depending on the extent of these other elements, the story may or may not be considered to be a "hybrid genre" series; for instance, even though theHarry Potter seriescanon includes the requirement of a particulargene to be awizard, it is referred to only as a fantasy series.
Bangsian: A fantasy subgenre that concerns the use of famous literary or historical individuals and their interactions in the afterlife. It is named forJohn Kendrick Bangs, who often wrote in this genre.
Contemporary fantasy (aka modern fantasy or indigenous fantasy): A subgenre of fantasy, set in the present day. These are used to describe stories set in the putative real world (often referred to as consensus reality) in contemporary times, in which magic and magical creatures exist, either living in the interstices of our world or leaking over from alternate worlds.
Urban fantasy: A subgenre of fantasy defined by place; the fantastic narrative has an urban setting. Many urban fantasies are set in contemporary times and contain supernatural elements. However, the stories can take place in historical, modern, or futuristic periods, as well as fictional settings. The prerequisite is that they must be primarily set in a city.
Dark fantasy: A subgenre of fantasy that can refer to literary, artistic, and filmic works that combine fantasy with elements of horror. The term can be used broadly to refer to fantastical works that have a dark, gloomy atmosphere or a sense of horror and dread and a dark, often brooding, tone.
Heroic fantasy: Subgenre of fantasy that chronicles the tales of heroes in imaginary lands. Frequently, the protagonist is reluctant to be a champion, is of low or humble origin, and has royal ancestors or parents but does not know it. Though events are usually beyond their control, they are thrust into positions of great responsibility where their mettle is tested in a number of spiritual and physical challenges.
Historical fantasy: A category of fantasy and genre of historical fiction that incorporates fantastic elements (such as magic) into the historical narrative.
Legends: Stories, oftentimes of a national hero or otherfolk figure, which have a basis in fact, but also contain imaginative material.
Magical girl: Popular in Japan, this subgenre is of girls who use magic in either their training, idol stardom, or even to fight evil.
Magic realism (aka magical realism): literary works where magical events form part of ordinary life. The reader is forced to accept that abnormal events such as levitation, telekinesis and talking with the dead take place in the real world. The writer does not invent a new world or describe in great detail new creatures, as is usual in Fantasy; on the contrary, the author abstains from explaining the fantastic events to avoid making them feel extraordinary. It is often regarded as a genre exclusive toLatin American literature, but some of its chief exponents include English authors.One Hundred Years of Solitude, byGabriel García Márquez, who received the 1982Nobel Prize in Literature, is considered the genre's seminal work of style.
Mythic fiction: Literature that is rooted in, inspired by, or that in some way draws from the tropes, themes and symbolism of myth, folklore, and fairy tales.[4] The term is widely credited toCharles de Lint andTerri Windling. Mythic fiction overlaps with urban fantasy and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but mythic fiction also includes contemporary works in non-urban settings. Mythic fiction refers to works of contemporary literature that often cross the divide between literary and fantasy fiction.
Portal fantasy: In portal fantasy, a character travels to the fantastical world from another, usually less-fantastical one.
Isekai: A Japanese form of portal fantasy which can typically—though not always—also follow many of the conventions of the LitRPG (such as a character entering into the world of a game).
Progression fantasy: A genre focused on characters training to become more powerful in martial ability or other skills.
Science fantasy: A story with mystical elements that are scientifically explainable, or that combine science fiction elements with fantasy elements. (Science fiction was once referred to by this name, but that it no longer denotes that genre, and has somewhat fallen out of favor as a genre descriptor.)
Sword and planet: A subgenre of science fantasy that features rousing adventure stories set on other planets, and usually featuring Earthmen as protagonists. There is a fair amount of overlap between "sword and planet" and the "planetary romance" subgenre of sci-fi, though some works are considered to belong to one and not the other. In general, the latter is considered to be more of a "space opera" subgenre, influenced by the likes ofA Princess of Mars yet more modern and technologically savvy, while "sword and planet" more directly imitates the conventions established by Burroughs in theBarsoom series.
Dying Earth: A subgenre of science fantasy that takes place either at theend of life on Earth or theend of time, when the laws of the universe themselves fail. More generally, the Dying Earth subgenre encompasses science fiction works set in the far distant future in a milieu of stasis or decline. Themes that tend to predominate this genre include those of world-weariness,innocence (wounded or otherwise),idealism,entropy, (permanent) exhaustion/depletion of many or all resources (such as soil nutrients), and the hope of renewal.
Gaslamp fantasy: Fantasy's counterpart tosteampunk, in which the settings are oftenVictorian orEdwardian socially or technologically, but with non-scientific elements or characters included.
Sword and sorcery: A blend of heroic fantasy, adventure, and frequent elements of the horrific in which a mighty barbaric warrior hero is pitted against both human and supernatural adversaries.Robert E. Howard, creator ofConan the Cimmerian,Kull of Atlantis, the Pictish kingBran Mak Morn, et cetera, is generally acknowledged as the founder of the genre, chiefly through his writings forWeird Tales and other 1920s/30spulp magazines.
A story about a real person or event. There are also somefiction works that purport to be the "memoirs" of fictional characters as well, done in a similar style, however, these are in a separate genre. Often, they are written in atext book format, which may or may not focus on solely that.
Biography: The details of the life story of a real person, told by someone else.
Autobiography: Essentially the same as abiography, with the exception that the story is written by the person who is the subject of the story.
Memoir: Similar toautobiography, with the exception that it is told more "from memory", i.e. it is how the person personally remembers and feels about their life or a stage in their life, more than the exact, recorded details of that period. Though memoirs are often moresubjective thanautobiography works, memoirs are generally still considered to benonfiction works.
Thehistorical fiction genre includes stories that are about the past. It takes place in the real world, with real world people, but with several fictionalized or dramatized elements. To distinguish historical fiction from any fiction that is written about an era in the past, the criterion is that the book must have been written about a time that occurred in a historical context in relation to the author of the book.[5][6] The criterion that the story be set before the middle of the previous century is sometimes added.[6] Historical fiction stories include historical details and includes characters that fit into the time period of the setting, whether or not they are real historical people.[5] This may or may notcrossover with other genres; for example,fantasy fiction orscience fiction may play a part, as is the case for instance with the novelGeorge Washington's Socks, which includestime travel elements.
Alternate history: A more extreme variant of historical fiction that posits a "what if" scenario in which some historical event occurs differently (or not at all), thus altering the course ofhistory; for instance, "What if Nazi Germany had won World War II?" is an alternate history concept that has had treatment in fiction, such as inThe Man in the High Castle (1962). Alternate History is sometimes (though not universally) referred to as a subgenre ofscience fiction orspeculative fiction, and like historical fiction, may include more fantastical elements (e.g., theTemeraire series uses the fantasy element ofdragons to create an Alternate History plot set during theNapoleonic Era).
Counterfactual history (aka virtual history): This is a recent form ofhistoriography that attempts to answer counterfactual "what if" questions. It seeks to explore history and historical incidents by means of extrapolating a timeline in which certain key historical events did not happen or had a different outcome. This exercise ascertains the relative importance of the event, incident or person the counter-factual hypothesis negates.
Period piece: This type features historical places, people, or events that may or not be crucial to the story. Because history is merely used as a backdrop, it may be fictionalized to various degrees, but the story itself may be regarded as "outside" history. Genres within this category are often regarded as significant categories in themselves.
Ahorror story is told to deliberately scare or frighten the audience, through suspense, violence or shock.H. P. Lovecraft distinguishes two primary varieties in the "Introduction" toSupernatural Horror in Literature: 1) Physical Fear or the "mundanely gruesome;" and 2) the true Supernatural Horror story or the "Weird Tale". The supernatural variety is occasionally called "dark fantasy", since the laws of nature must be violated in some way, thus qualifying the story as "fantastic".
Ghost story: A story about the intrusion of the spirits of the dead into the realm of the living. There are subgenres: The Traditional Haunting, Poltergeists, The Haunted Place or Object (i.e. the hotel in Stephen King'sThe Shining), or the etching in "The Mezzotint" by M. R. James,[7] etc. Some would include stories of Revenants such as "The Monkey's Paw" byW. W. Jacobs.[8]
Gothic fiction: An atmospheric supernatural tale centered on a fear of the taboo and unknown. Lurid secrets and personal tragedies are common in stories in which the past returns to haunt the present, thematically reflected in the genre's crumbling, decayed architecture.The Castle of Otranto (1764) byHorace Walpole exemplifies the heightened emotion and foreboding tone of the genre.
Monster: A story about a monster, creature, or mutant that terrorizes people.Mary Shelley's novelFrankenstein is an example of a story with a monstrous "creature" (Frankenstein is often also considered the firstscience fiction story, in that it depicts biological science reanimating the dead). Other clear Monster stories are of the creatures of folklore and fable: theGhoul, theWerewolf, and theZombie.
Vampire literature: A story aboutvampires, reanimated bodies that feed on the blood of the living, based on European folklore.Bram Stoker'sDracula (1897) created many of the genre's conventions.
Occult stories: Stories that touch upon the adversaries of Good, especially the "Enemies" of the forces of righteousness as expressed in any given religious philosophy. Hence, stories of devils, demons, demonic possession, dark witchcraft, evil sorcerers or warlocks, and figures like theAntichrist would qualify. The nature of such stories presupposes the existence of the side of Good and the existence of a deity to be opposed to the forces of Evil.
Survival horror: A horror story about a protagonist in a risky and life-threatening situation that they must endure, often as a result of things such aszombies or other monsters, and the rest of the plot is how the main characters overcome this.
The termromance hasmultiple meanings; for example,historical romances like those ofWalter Scott would use the term to mean "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents".[9]
Most often, however, a romance is understood to be "love stories", emotion-driven stories that are primarily focused on the relationship between the main characters of the story. Beyond the focus on the relationship, the biggest defining characteristic of the romance genre is that ahappy ending is always guaranteed,[10][11] perhaps marriage and living "happily ever after", or simply that the reader sees hope for the future of the romantic relationship.[11]
Due to the wide definition of romance, romance stories cover a wide variety of subjects and often fall into other genre categories in addition to romance.[10][11] Subgenres include:
Insatire, human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision,burlesque,irony, or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement.
Satire is usually meant to be funny, but its purpose is not primarily humour as an attack on something the author disapproves of, usingwit. A common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony orsarcasm, butparody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, anddouble entendre all frequently appear in satirical speech and writing. The essential point, is that "in satire, irony is militant". This "militant irony" (or sarcasm) often professes to approve (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist actually wishes to attack.
Science fiction (once known asscientific romance) is similar tofantasy, except stories in this genre use scientific understanding to explain the universe that it takes place in. It generally includes or is centered on the presumed effects or ramifications ofcomputers ormachines; travel throughspace,time oralternate universes;alien life-forms;genetic engineering; or other such things. The science or technology used may or may not be very thoroughly elaborated on.
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction: concerned with theend of civilization, either throughnuclear war,plague, or some othergeneral disaster. Post-apocalyptic fiction is set in a world or civilization after such a disaster. The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the travails or psychology of survivors, or considerably later, often including the theme that the existence of pre-catastrophe civilization has been forgotten (or mythologized). Post-apocalyptic stories often take place in an agrarian, non-technological future world, or a world where only scattered elements of technology remain. There is a considerable degree of blurring between this form of science fiction and fiction that deals with false utopias ordystopic societies.
Hard science fiction: stories whose scientific elements are reasonably detailed, well-researched and considered to be relatively plausible given current knowledge and technology. Examples includeJurassic Park (1990) andPrey (2002).
Soft science fiction: stories in which the science involved is not detailed, typically dealing more with cultural, social, and political interactions.
Military science fiction: in essence, the addition of science fiction elements into amilitary fiction story. These stories are told from the point of view of the military, or a main character who is a soldier in the military. It usually includes technology far superior to that of current day, but not necessarily implausible. (Some military science fiction stories fit at least somewhat into the "hard science fiction" subgenre as well.)
Feminist science fiction: tends to deal with women's roles in society. It poses questions about social issues such as how society constructs gender roles, the role reproduction plays in defining gender and the unequal political, economic and personal power of men and women. Some of the most notable feminist science fiction works have illustrated these themes usingutopias to explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist, ordystopias to explore worlds in which gender inequalities are intensified, thus asserting a need for feminist work to continue.
Libertarian science fiction: focuses on the politics and social order implied bylibertarian philosophies with an emphasis onindividualism and a limited state – and in some cases,no state whatsoever. As a genre, it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s, when the science-fictionpulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time asfascism andcommunism. While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such asGeorge Orwell'sNineteen Eighty-Four, in the pulps, this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies (or sub-groups) arising in direct opposition tototalitarianism.
Social science fiction: concerned less with the scientific background and more with sociological speculation about human society. In other words, it "absorbs and discussesanthropology", and speculates about human behavior and interactions. Exploration of fictional societies is one of the most interesting aspects of science fiction, allowing it to perform predictive and precautionary functions, to criticize the contemporary world and to present solutions, to portray alternative societies and to examine the implications of ethical principles.
Space opera: a story characterized by the extent ofspace travel and distinguished by the amount of time that protagonists spend in an active, space-faring lifestyle.
Science fiction Western: stories in which elements of science fiction are introduced in aWestern setting. It is the complement of the 'space Western', which transposes Western elements into the setting of outer space. One example of a sci-fi Western would be theCowboys & Aliens comics. they are different from Space Westerns, which are frontier stories indicative ofAmerican Westerns, except transposed to a backdrop ofspace exploration and settlement.
Planetary romance: the bulk of the action consists of adventures on one or more exotic alien planets, characterized by distinctive physical and cultural backgrounds. Some planetary romances take place against the background of a future culture where travel between worlds by spaceship is commonplace; others, particularly the earliest examples of the genre, do not, and invokeflying carpets, astral projection, or other methods of getting between planets. In either case, the planetside adventures are the focus of the story, not the mode of travel.
Space Western: transposes themes of the American-Western genre to a backdrop of futuristic space frontiers. It is the complement of the 'science fiction Western', which transposes science fictionthemes onto an American Westernsetting.
Cyberpunk is aspeculative subgenre of scifi that involves stories with a futuristic storyline dealing with people who have been physically or mentally enhanced withcybernetic components, often featuringcyborgs orthe singularity as a major theme, and generally somewhatcynical ordystopian (hence the "punk" portion of the name). This is often confused or placed withtechno-thriller, which is actually a separate and less specialized genre.
Postcyberpunk: a sub-subgenre that some critics suggest has evolved from cyberpunk. Like its predecessor, postcyberpunk focuses on technological developments innear-future societies, typically examining the social effects of a ubiquitousdatasphere of computerized information,genetic engineering, modification of the human body, and the continued impact of perpetual technological change. Unlike "pure" cyberpunk, the works in this category feature characters who act to improve social conditions or at least protect thestatus quo from further decay.
A category of several different subgenres have beenderived from cyberpunk, normally characterized by distinct technologies and sciences. The themes tend to be cynical or dystopian, and typically involve a person, or group of people, fighting thecorruption of the government.
Retropunk: As a wider variety of writers began to work with cyberpunk concepts, new subgenres of science fiction emerged, playing off the cyberpunk label, and focusing on technology and its social effects in different ways. Many derivatives of cyberpunk are retro-futuristic, based either on the futuristic visions of past eras, or more recent extrapolations or exaggerations of the actual technology of those eras.
Steampunk: A story that takes place around the timesteam power was first coming into use. TheIndustrial Revolution is a common time setting forsteam punk stories, and the steam technology is often actually more advanced than the real technology of the time (for instance, the mangaSteam Detectives features steam-powered robots). The most immediate form of steampunk subculture is the community of fans surrounding the genre. Others move beyond this, attempting to adopt a "steampunk" aesthetic through fashion, home decor and even music.
Clockpunk: This term has occasionally referred to a subgenre of speculative fiction that is similar to steampunk, but deviates in its technology. As with steampunk, it portrays advanced technology based on pre-modern designs, but rather than the steam power of theIndustrial Age, the technology used is based on springs, clockwork and similar. Clockpunk is based very intensively on the works ofLeonardo da Vinci and as such, it is typically set during theRenaissance. It is regarded as being a type ofsteampunk.
Mannerpunk: Also known asfantasy of manners, this subgenre combines tropes from traditional fantasy and thecomedy of manners. Commonly shorthanded as "Jane Austen meets J.R.R. Tolkien," mannerpunk stories take place within an elaborate social hierarchy, with themes of class warfare and political intrigue, and battles of wits are more frequent than battles of arms. Magic and futuristic technology is rare or nonexistent in a typical mannerpunk setting, with fantastical trappings such as dragons and airships integrated into ordinary society.Swordspoint (1987) byEllen Kushner was the first work to be labeled as mannerpunk.
Biopunk: A story that is about genetics and biological research (often falling under the horror category). It often focuses on some harmful effects characters have created when they change an animal's code to (unintentionally) create a violent monster. Biopunk emerged during the 1990s and depicts the underground of the biotechnological revolution that was expected to start having a profound impact on humanity in the first half of the 21st century. Biopunk fiction typically describes the struggles of individuals or groups, often the product ofhuman experimentation, against a backdrop oftotalitarian governments ormegacorporations that misusebiotechnologies forsocial control orprofiteering. Unlike cyberpunk, it builds not oninformation technology but onsynthetic biology.
Nanopunk: similar to bio-punk, but depicts a world where the use ofbiotechnologies are limited or prohibited, so onlynanotechnologies in wide use (while in biopunk bio- and nanotechnologies often coexist). Currently the genre is more concerned with the artistic and physiological impact of nanotechnology, than of aspects of the technology itself, which is still in its infancy. Unlike the cyberpunk, a low-life yet technologically advanced character, the personification of a nanopunk can be set 'hard' or 'soft', depending on your views of the impact nanotechnology will have on our future.
Solarpunk: A genre that envisions how the future might look if humanity succeeded in solving major contemporary challenges with an emphasis on sustainability problems such asclimate change andpollution. Although solarpunk is highly concerned with technology, it also embraces low-tech ways of living sustainably such as gardening,positive psychology, and DIY culture.
~Punk: Other Punk settings can be described by taking many of the core themes of technological success of Steampunk and Cyberpunk, and replacing the theme's core item of interest, around which the story revolves. Examples Include Crystalpunk, Skypunk, and the afore mentioned Nanopunk.
Slipstream: Fantastic or non-realistic fiction that crosses conventional genre boundaries between science fiction/fantasy and mainstreamliterary fiction. The termslipstream was coined bycyberpunk authorBruce Sterling in an article originally published inSF Eye #5, July 1989. He wrote: "...this is a kind of writing which simply makes you feel very strange; the way that living in the 20th century makes you feel, if you are a person of a certain sensibility." Slipstream fiction has consequently been referred to as "the fiction of strangeness", which is as clear a definition as any others in wide use.
Supernatural fiction: exploits or requires as plot devices or themes some contradictions of the commonplacenatural world andmaterialist assumptions about it. It includes the traditionalghost story.The Turn of the Screw byHenry James is an example of a work ofliterary fiction that is also largely concerned with supernatural fiction elements, making play of the possibility that they are psychological at root, but requiring the option that they are not for effect.
Utopian and dystopian fiction: The utopia and its offshoot, the dystopia, are genres of literature that explore social and political structures. Utopian fiction is the creation of an ideal world, orutopia, as the setting for a novel. Dystopian fiction is the opposite: creation of anightmare world, ordystopia. Many novels combine both, often as a metaphor for the different directions humanity can take in its choices, ending up with one of two possible futures. Both utopias and dystopias are commonly found inscience fiction and otherspeculative fiction genres, and arguably are by definition a type ofspeculative fiction. More than 400 utopian works were published prior to the year 1900 in theEnglish language alone, with more than a thousand others during the 20th century.
Weird fiction: Speculative literature written in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Weird fiction is distinguished fromhorror andfantasy in that it predates theniche marketing ofgenre fiction. Because genre or stylistic conventions had not been established, weird tales often blend the supernatural, mythical, and even scientific. British "weird" authors, for example, published their work in mainstream literary magazines even after American pulp magazines became popular. "Weird fiction" is chiefly a historical description for works through the 1930s, but the term has also been used since the 1980s, sometimes to refer toslipstream fiction that blends horror, fantasy, and science fiction.
Xenofiction: A niche genre following the perspectives of non-human characters, speculating on the societies, thought processes and lives of intelligent animals or other creatures.
Suppositional fiction is a subcategory in which stories and characters are constrained within an internally consistent world, but this category is not necessarily associated with any particular genre.[12][13][14] A work of suppositional fiction might be science fiction, alternate history, mystery, horror, or even suppositional fantasy, depending on the intent and focus of the author.
Athriller is a story that is usually a mix of fear and excitement. It has traits from thesuspense genre and often from theaction,adventure ormystery genres, but the level of terror makes it borderlinehorror fiction at times as well. It generally has a dark or serious theme, which also makes it similar todrama.
Disaster-thriller: A story about mass peril, where the protagonist's job is to both survive, and to save many other people from a grim fate, often anatural disaster such as a storm or volcanic eruption, but may also be aterrorist attack orepidemic of some sort.
Psychological thriller: emphasizes the psychological condition of the hero that presents obstacles to his objective, rather than the action. Some psychological thrillers are also about complicated stories that try to deliberately confuse the audience, often by showing them only the same confusing or seemingly nonsensical information that the hero gains.
Crime thriller: A story that revolves around the life of detectives, mobs, or other groups associated with criminal events in the story.
Western: Stories in theWestern genre are set in theAmerican West, between the time of the Civil war and the early 20th century.[16] The setting of a wilderness or uncivilized area is especially important to the genre, and the setting is often described richly and in-depth. They focus on the adventure of the main character(s) and the contrast between civilization or society and the untamed wilderness, often featuring the characters working to bring civilization to the wilderness.[16][17] This genre periodically overlaps withhistorical fiction, and while a more traditional definition of westerns is that of stories about lone men facing thefrontier, more modern definitions and writings are often expanded to include any person or persons in this time period that feature a strong tone of the contrast between civilization and wilderness and emphasize the independence of the main character(s).[16]
Paranoid fiction: works ofliterature that explore thesubjective nature of reality and how it can be manipulated by forces in power. These forces can be external, such as atotalitarian government, or they can be internal, such as a character'smental illness or refusal to accept the harshness of the world they live in.
Philosophical fiction: stories in which a significant proportion of the work is devoted to a discussion of the sort of questions normally addressed in discursive philosophy. These might include the function and role of society, the purpose of life, ethics or morals, the role of art in human lives, and the role of experience or reason in the development of knowledge. Philosophical fiction works would include the so-called novel of ideas, including a significant proportion of science fiction, utopian and dystopian fiction, and Bildungsroman. The modus operandi seems to be to use a normal story to simply explain difficult and dark parts of human life.
Political fiction is a subgenre of fiction that deals withpolitical affairs. Political fiction has often used narrative to provide commentary on political events, systems and theories. Works of political fiction often "directly criticize an existing society or... present an alternative, sometimes fantastic, reality". Prominent pieces of political fiction have included the totalitarian dystopias of the early 20th century such asJack London'sThe Iron Heel andSinclair Lewis'sIt Can't Happen Here. Equally influential, if not more so, have been earlier pieces of political fiction such asGulliver's Travels (1726),Candide (1759), andUncle Tom's Cabin (1852). Political fiction frequently employs the literary modes of satire, often in the genres of utopian, dystopian, and social-science fiction.
Utopian fiction: The creation of an ideal world, or utopia, as the setting for a novel
Dystopian fiction: The creation of a nightmare world, or dystopia, as the setting for a novel
Survivalism: The creation of world where traditional society has collapsed usually due to some post apocalyptic or doomsday scenario, as a setting for a novel
Sagas (from Icelandicsaga, pluralsögur): stories written in theOld Norse language, mainly in Iceland, that are about ancientScandinavian andGermanic history, about earlyViking voyages, aboutmigration to Iceland, and of feuds between Icelandic families. The texts areepic tales inprose, often withstanzas or whole poems inalliterative verse embedded in the text, of heroic deeds of days long gone, tales of worthy men, who were often Vikings, sometimes Pagan, sometimes Christian. The tales are usually realistic, except legendary sagas, sagas of saints, sagas of bishops and translated or recomposed romances. They are sometimes romanticised and fantastic, but always dealing with human beings one can understand.
Family saga: The family saga chronicles the lives and doings of a family or a number of related or interconnected families over a period of time. In novels (or sometimessequences of novels) with a serious intent, this is often a thematic device used to portray particular historical events, changes of social circumstances, or the ebb and flow of fortunes from a multiple of perspectives.
Urban fiction (aka street lit): a literary genre set, as the name implies, in a city landscape, as well as being defined by the race and culture of its characters. The tone for urban fiction is usually dark, focusing on the underside. Profanity (all ofGeorge Carlin'sseven dirty words and urban variations thereof), sex and violence are usually explicit, with the writer not shying away from or watering-down the material. In this respect, urban fiction shares some common threads withdystopian orsurvivalist fiction. In the second wave of urban fiction, some variations of this model have been seen.
While many genres of film and television originally derive from literature, genres in film and TV are also distinctly informed by audiovisual qualities, budgets, formats, and technologies. For that reason, film and TV genres may include additional categorical characteristics to consider, even diverging in some way from their literary counterparts altogether at times.
Anthology series: Presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode. These usually have a different cast each week, but several series in the past, such asFour Star Playhouse, employed a permanent troupe of character actors who would appear in a different drama each week. Some anthology series, such asStudio One, began on radio and then expanded to television. Examples include:American Horror Story andAmerican Crime Story.
Art film andquality television: Television shows likeDavid Lynch'sTwin Peaks series andBBC'sThe Singing Detective also have "a loosening of causality, a greater emphasis on psychological or anecdotal realism, violations of classical clarity of space and time, explicit authorial comment, and ambiguity".
Heist: A thriller in which a criminal or group of criminals conceives and executes a major robbery. The theft usually involves gaining access to valuables stored in a high-security location, and the thieves may or may not use subterfuge to trick their way into and/or out of the stronghold. Examples include theOcean's films.
Absurdist: This subgenre focuses on characters who experience situations that descend intonihilism, i.e. situations that suggest there is no central purpose to life. Examples include:The Exterminating Angel (1962) andBrazil (1985).
Surrealist: The point of this subgenre is to not be stylistically defined, often using irrational imagery to activate thesubconscious mind. There is often, though not always, a connection to comedy. Examples include:Eraserhead (1977) and8 ½ (1963).
High fantasy (aka epic fantasy): The fantasy equivalent of a historical epic or a space opera, this subgenre portray elements of fantasy in a fictional setting, and will include romance, battles, and mythical creatures. Examples include:The Lord of the Rings films and theGame of Thrones TV series.
Police procedural: This subgenre presents fictional drama the lives of police and/or detectives. Stories in this genre typically revolve around a crime that has been committed and must be solved by the end of the episode following a very generic and usually unchanging structure of events: the crime is committed, witnesses are questioned, an arrest occurs, and then a judicial conclusion wraps it up. The show communicates everything "by the book", as it would happen in real life. Examples include:Dragnet, which pioneered this genre;Law & Order, which follows officers up to the point of reading newly-arrested criminals theirMiranda rights; andDick Tracy (1990).
Romance: This genre is defined by intimate relationships
Period romance: A romance story defined by its setting in historical time period. Examples include films likePride & Prejudice (2005) andJane Eyre (2011), as well as shows likeBridgerton.
Serial: A television show that is one continuous story. Eachepisode picks up from where the last one left off. The story may shift with a new season.
Dizi [tr]: A serial period or contemporary drama produced in Turkey and broadcast weekly in Turkey, the Balkans, the Middle East, Central Asia, and other regions. Depending on the audience, they may be dubbed or subtitled. Examples include:Muhteşem Yüzyıl,Binbir Gece andGümüş. (SeeTurkish television drama.)
Mystery box show: A genre involving multiple complex plots about mysterious phenomena and entities that requires the audience to follow closely in an attempt to understand the central mystery or mysteries underlying the plot. These series often contain elements of science fiction or fantasy.
Social: In Indian cinema terminology, social films (or simply socials) are films with a contemporary setting, as opposed to those with mythological and period settings.[19] (Not to be confused withsocial films.)
Telenovela: A serial melodrama, popular in Latin America and the Philippines, that are similar to a soap opera in miniseries format. They often feature love and drama, as well as other situations depending on the genre of telenovela. Examples include:Desire,Fashion House, andWicked Wicked Games.
Mystery: As opposed tomystery in the crime genre, mystery thrillers do not involve or use law enforcement or the justice system as the main characters or backdrop for the story. Rather, a mystery here is defined by the plot, and both the character's and the viewer's relationship with the motivations and reality behind the events that occur.Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan are one example.
Psychological thriller: A story focusing and emphasizing the unstable psychological state of its characters. Commonly, there is a mysterious set of circumstances.
Techno thriller: This sub-genre is defined by a conflict that takes place for or through various forms of technology.
Action: works in this genre are generally defined by risk and stakes. Action films tend to feature a resourceful character struggling against life-threatening situations which generally conclude in victory for the hero. Subgenres include:
Girls with guns/swords: This is a subgenre of action films and animation (often Asian films andanime), that portray a strong female protagonist who makes use of firearms to defend against or attack a group of antagonists. The genre typically involves gun-play, stunts and martial arts action.
Spy: An action-centered narrative following asecret agent (spy) or military personnel member who is sent on an espionage mission. The genre focuses on the excitement and entertainment of espionage, rather than the political and psychological aspects. Examples include: theJames Bond films, theMission: Impossiblefilms andTV series.
Adventure: features the hero in action scenes that display and explore exotic locations. Main plot elements include quests for lost continents, a jungle or desert settings, characters going on a treasure hunts and heroic journeys into the unknown. Adventure films are mostly set in a period background and may include adapted stories of historical or fictional adventure heroes within the historical context. Kings, battles, rebellion or piracy are commonly seen in adventure films. Adventure films may also be combined with other movie genres such as, science fiction, fantasy and sometimes war films. Subgenres of adventure films include:
Although animation is listed under "genres" and is classified as a genre by many film critics and streaming services, there is an ongoing debate between the animation community and the general public whether animation is a genre or a medium; and that the genres in the "Live-action scripted" genre can also be portrayed in an animated format, and the below kinds of animation are not types of stories, but simply types of ways that a film can be animated.
TheAmerican Film Institute definesanimated as "a genre in which the film's images are primarily created by computer or hand and the characters are voiced by actors".[18] This classification includes:
Animated series: A work created or adapted with a common series title, usually related to one another and can appear as much as up to once a week or daily during a prescribed time slot. Animated cartoon series are also sometimes created outside of broadcast television, as was the case for theTom and Jerry short films that appeared in movie theaters from 1961 to 1962. Series can have either a finite number of episodes like a miniseries, a definite end, or be open-ended, without a predetermined number of episodes. Examples include:SpongeBob SquarePants,The Simpsons, andAvatar: The Last Airbender.
Computer-generated imagery (CGI): A genre of animation that includes animating a cartoon on a computer modeling program. Models of characters or props are created on the computer, and then programmed to do something specific. Then, when the animation is completely programmed, the computer can play a completely computer generated movie. CGI is often used for the visual effects in Live Action films as well. Examples include:Up (2009) orToy Story (1995).
Stop motion: similar to traditional animation; instead of using hand drawn pictures, stop motion films are made with small figurines or other objects that have their picture taken many times over a sequence of small movements to create animation frames. Examples include:The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993),Coraline (2009), andCorpse Bride (2005).
Claymation: A form of stop motion animation, except the subjects used are built specifically out of clay. Examples include:Chicken Run (2000) andEarly Man (2018)
Puppetry: It is technically live action, but puppetry is a different way of "animating" a movie, and puppets are often used in lieu of live actors. Usually, there are small figurines or figures (similar to stop motion), but these are controlled and filmed in real time. Like CGI, puppetry can be found in live-action films as a method of achieving a special effect. Examples include:The Muppets,The Dark Crystal, andThunderbirds.
Action comedy: A subgenre ofcomedy that emphasizes physically humorous antics, unorthodox body-language and oftentimes exasperating situations.Jackie Chan is an example of an actor known in this genre.
Comedy drama (aka dramedy): Ahybrid genre of comedy and drama that combines humorous elements with serious dramatic subjects (e.g. illness, grief, divorce, heartache, death, etc.).
Zombie comedy (aka zom com or zomedy): This is a genre that blends zombie horror motifs with slapstick comedy, as well as dark comedy. Examples includeShaun of the Dead (2004) andZombieland (2009).
Mockumentary: A story that employs the style of the documentary to present fictional, and generally humorous, events or characters. Very common in film andtelevision programs, both as a full film or series, or as a brief sequence or episode within a larger work. Examples includeThis Is Spinal Tap (1984) andBest in Show (2000).
Satire: a genre of literature and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.
Sitcom (situational comedy): A generally lighthearted genre that features characters having to deal with odd or uncomfortable situations or misunderstandings.
Slapstick: A type of comedy involving exaggerated physical violence and activities beyond the boundaries of common sense. Thesehyperbolic depictions are often found in children's media, and light comedies. Examples of actors in this genre includeCharlie Chaplin andLucille Ball.
Surreal humour: this genre uses humor to challenge casual and rudimentary reasoning and even the most basic purposefulness found within life.
Whimsical: this genre has to do with a sense of eccentric or quirky humor. Related styles exaggerate real life in a whimsical, eccentric, quirky or fanciful way, sometimes. Whimsical and related styles are exemplified by films such asUnderground (1995),Amélie (2001),Micmacs (2009), andDieta Mediterranea (2009).[22]
Devotional film is an Indian film genre. Also known asbhakti films, these are primarily based on the lives of historical or legendary devotees.[23][24] Such films may be based on Indian scriptures, religious literature, or thePuranas. Also known as the puranic genre. Up to 1923, 70% of Indian films belonged to this genre. However, after a number of such films started failing, the film industry began experimenting with other genres such as historical dramas and "socials" – films with contemporary settings.[25][26][27] A sub-type of this genre is theamman film, revolving around characters' worship to Amman, an incarnation ofShakti.[28]
Within film, television, and radio (but nottheatre), drama is a genre ofnarrative fiction (orsemi-fiction) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone,[29] focusing on in-depthdevelopment of realistic characters who must deal with realistic emotional struggles. A drama is commonly considered the opposite of acomedy, but may also be considered separate from other works of some broad genre, such as afantasy.
Given the broad definition of this genre, listed below are subgenres of drama that are not also associated with another genre (e.g. dramedy, also known ascomedy-drama):
Docudrama: A work that dramatically recreates real-life accounts. These programs often depict crime or criminals but can also be used to depict heroics or tell a less-explored side of a well-known story. This genre is often criticized for creating sensationalized programs intended to capitalize on public interest in lurid news stories; in the case of theScott Peterson murder trial, a docudrama(The Perfect Husband) was filmed and aired duringjury deliberations. Examples include:Captain Phillips (2013);127 Hours (2010);The Onion Field; andUnited 93, which depicts the events aboardUnited Airlines Flight 93 on September 11, 2001 via reconstruction from the available evidence.
Legal drama (aka courtroom drama): This genre presents fictional drama regarding the legal practice and is defined by lawyers and judges. Under this purview, law enforcement, lawyer work, civil litigation, etc., are all possible focuses of legal dramas.Legal thrillers can also be considered under this genre. Examples include:Law & Order (combination of legal and police drama, as the name suggests).
Medical drama: Based around the inherent drama involved among the inner workings of hospitals, medics helping patients, doctors–medical staff relationships, and the medical industry. This also includes medicalprocedurals that follow the day-to-day life of health care professionals. Most commonly, an accident occurs that requires the medics to help the injured. Most are usually based around a hospital, with some based around a mobile medical team, etc. Examples include films likeBringing Out the Dead (1999); and TV shows likeCasualty,ER,Holby City, andHouse.
Philosophical drama: A genre of film and television that is primary focus is crime drama, that debates philosophies of the era depicted in film. Examples include shows likeTrue Detective andMindhunters.
Biopic: A story detailing the life of a real-life person, either spanning a large portion of the subject's life or focussing on a particular period of significance in that person's life. Examples include:A Beautiful Mind (2001) andCatch Me If You Can (2002)
Historical epic: The dramatized account of a large-scale event that has an attached historical account, often providing assumptions that fill in gaps in the account and/or revising the account in some way. Examples include:Ben-Hur (1959) andTroy (2004)
Historical event: focuses on a story that creates a dramatized depiction of an event that exists in popular accounts of history. One example isApollo 13 (1995).
Historical fiction: A fictional story that takes place during a historical time period, commonly taking a more liberal approach to representing history for the sake of drama and entertainment. This subgenre may use real-life events and people to build context, but they are meant to be accepted as a supposition rather than serve as an accurate historical account. Examples includeTitanic (1997).
Costume drama: A type of drama that especially relies on lavish costumes and designs. This type crosses over with many other genres.
Historical period drama (aka period piece): a film or show that is set in, and accurately depicts, a time period, rather than depicting specific real-life characters or events. A period piece may be set in a vague or general era such as theMiddle Ages or a specific period such as theRoaring Twenties. Examples includes films likeThe Age of Innocence (1993) andBarry Lyndon (1975), as well as shows likeMad Men andThe Alienist.
Horror is a genre in which works seek to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience's primal fears.
Subgenres include:
Found footage: Works featuring footage that appears to be an existing and informal recording of events with the purpose of simulating real-life horrific events. Though it can be used for any genre, found footage is most commonly used in horror. Examples includeThe Blair Witch Project (1999) andV/H/S (2012).
Ghost: Works that use the spirit or soul of a deceased creature to introduce elements of horror. Examples includeThe Frighteners (1996) andThe Others (2001).
Monster or 'Creature Features': A story about a deformed or supernatural creature or set of creatures that terrorizes people. The only real requirement of this genre is that the antagonist be categorized as amonster. Examples includeThe Mummy (1932), andPumpkinhead (1988).
Giant monsters (kaiju): Films featuring giant monsters, typically those that are big enough to destroy buildings. Some such stories depict two giant monsters fighting each other. Examples include theGodzilla films andCloverfield (2008).
Folk horror: Horror themed around folklore, often featuring rural isolated settings, witchcraft and cults. Examples includeThe Wicker Man (1973) andMidsommar (2019).
Slasher: A horror genre featuring aserial killer or otherpsychopath as anantagonist, who methodically kills a number of protagonists in succession. Dramatic suspense is heightened by the victims' obliviousness of the killer. The victims are typically in isolated settings and often engaged in sexual activity previous to the attacks. The "slasher" kills their victims by sneaking up on them and then bloodily stabbing and slicing them to death with a sharp object, such as achef's knife. Gender roles in slasher films are of particular interest infeminist film theory, which has extensively examined the trope of the 'final girl'. Examples of this genre include theHalloween films andThe Texas Chainsaw Massacre films.
Splatter: A splatter story introduces elements of horror by focusing on the vulnerability of the human body, often involving torture and typically attempting to present gore as an art form. Examples includeDay of the Dead (1985) andJigoku (1960).
Zombie: Plots in this genre generally involve a group of characters trying to survive in a world overrun byzombies. The specific cause for the event ranges from infectious disease to experimental drugs gone wrong. Examples include films like theNight of the Living Dead series and28 Days Later (2002), as well as shows likeThe Walking Dead.
Body horror - Horror involving the graphic transformation or degradation of the human body. Examples includeThe Fly (1986) andThe Human Centipede (2009).
Comedy horror: A fusion of horror settings and elements with the comedy genre. Usually, the primary focus is on humour rather than eliciting fear. Examples includeShaun of the Dead (2004) andZombieland (2009).
Dieselpunk: A derivative of cyberpunk, dieselpunk refers to fiction inspired by mid-centurypulp stories, based on the aesthetics of theinterbellum period throughWorld War II (c. 1920–45). Seemingly similar to steampunk in its themes ofalternate history, dieselpunk is specifically characterized by the rise of petroleum power andtechnocratic perception, incorporatingneo-noir elements and sharing themes more clearly with cyberpunk than steampunk. Though the notability of dieselpunk as a genre is not entirely uncontested, installments ranging from the retro-futuristic filmSky Captain and the World of Tomorrow to the 2001 Activision video gameReturn to Castle Wolfenstein have been suggested as quintessential dieselpunk works of fiction.
Dystopian: A story that features a world or society that serves as a contradiction to an idyllic world. Often there is a centralized and oppressive government or religion that dictates the value of citizens on a dehumanizing level, and may or may not incorporate a destructive event that drove the creation of that centralized institution. Examples includeChildren of Men (2006) andEquilibrium (2002).
Military: A story defined by a strict focus on the military conflict in a speculative or future setting. As opposed to films that merely include space warfare, a military sci-fi story is limited to themes and events directly tied to military service and battle. Examples includeStarship Troopers (1997) andArrival (2016).
Post apocalyptic: Stories based around the occurrence, effects, and struggle generated by an apocalyptic event. Examples include:12 Monkeys (1995).
Science fiction Western: stories in which elements of science fiction are introduced in aWestern setting. It is the complement of the 'space Western', which transposes Western elements into the setting of outer space. One example of a sci-fi Western would beCowboys & Aliens (2011).
Planetary romance: the bulk of the action consists of adventures on one or more exotic alien planets, characterized by distinctive physical and cultural backgrounds. Some planetary romances take place against the background of a future culture where travel between worlds by spaceship is commonplace; others, particularly the earliest examples of the genre, do not, and invokeflying carpets,astral projection, or other methods of getting between planets. In either case, the planetside adventures are the focus of the story, not the mode of travel.
Space Western: transposes themes of the American-Western genre to a backdrop of futuristic space frontiers. It is the complement of the 'science fiction Western', which transposes science fictionthemes onto an American Westernsetting. One example of this genre is the showFirefly.
Tech noir: Defined by technology as the main source behind humanity's struggle and partial downfall; it is a hybrid of other works of fiction combining thefilm noir and science fiction or cyberpunk genres. It is a form ofNeo-noir concentrating more onscience fiction themes. TheTerminator films are an example of this.
Utopian: This genre is defined by an idyllic world, generally with such themes as peace, harmony, and a world without hunger or homelessness. Examples include:Gattaca (1997) andTomorrowland (2015)
This genre set in theAmerican West and embody the spirit, the struggle and the demise of the newfrontier.[18]
Subgenres include:
Epic Western: A story that emphasizes and incorporates many if not all of the elements of western genre, on a grand scale.
Empire Western: A story that follows a protagonist or a group of protagonists as they forge a large-scale business based on natural resources and land. It can also follow the creation of the railroad, or large-scale settlement.
Marshal Western: A story that follows a lawman as they attempt to track down, apprehend, and punish a criminal or group of gangsters.
Outlaw Western: A story that follows a criminal or group of criminals.
Revenge Western: A western where the protagonist seeks revenge.
Revisionist Western: A story that challenges and/or aims to disprove the notions propped up by traditional westerns.
Science fiction Western: stories in which elements of science fiction are introduced in aWestern setting. It is the complement of the 'space Western', which transposes Western elements into the setting of outer space. One example of a sci-fi Western would beCowboys & Aliens (2011).
Space Western: transposes themes of the American-Western genre to a backdrop of futuristic space frontiers. It is the complement of the 'science fiction Western', which transposes science fictionthemes onto an American Westernsetting. One example of this genre is the showFirefly.
Spaghetti Western: Western movie subgenre which began in the mid-1960s and is characterized by novel cinematography and cost-saving overseas production techniques. These films were made in Europe, primarily Italy and Spain, and set in the American Old West. These films were typically helmed by an Italian producer and director, and made for a significantly lower budget than was possible domestically in the United States.
Amateur: The low-budgethobbyist art offilm practised for passion and enjoyment and not forbusiness purposes. A notable historical example is theZapruder film (1963).
Documentary: A feature-length or near-feature-length film depicting a real-world event or person, told in a journalistic style. (If told in a literary narrative style the result is often adocudrama.) Examples:Hoop Dreams andThe Thin Blue Line (1988).
Educational: helps kids learn their basics to go through school.
Factual television: non-fiction television programming that documents actual events and people. These types of programs are also described as documentary, television documentary, observational documentary, fly on the wall, docudrama, and reality television. The genre has existed in various forms since the early years of television, but the termfactual television has most commonly described programs produced since the 1990s.
Television documentary: A genre of television programming that broadcasts documentaries.
Infomercials andDirect response TV (DRTV): These are television commercials that generally include a phone number or website. Long-form infomercials are typically between 15 and 30 minutes long, and short-form infomercials are typically 30 seconds to 120 seconds long. Infomercials are also known as paid programming (or teleshopping in Europe). This phenomenon started in the United States where infomercials were typically shown overnight (usually 2:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.), outside of prime time commercial broadcasting peak hours. Some television stations chose to air infomercials as an alternative to the former practice of signing off. As of 2009, most US infomercial spending is during early morning, daytime, and evening hours.
Instructional: the use of television programs in the field of distance education. Educational television programs on instructional television may be less than one half hour long (generally 15 minutes in length) to help their integration into the classroom setting. These shows are often accompanied by teachers' guides that include material to help use this program in lessons. Instructional television programs are often shown during the daytime onPBS stations in the United States. However, fewer public television stations devote their airtime to ITV today than they do in the past; these days, ITV programs are either seen on a digital subchannel of non-commercial educational public television station, or passed on to a local educational-access television channel run by apublic, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV organization.
Reality film andreality television: A purportedly unscripted work (though evidence suggests that some scripting or manipulation occurs) featuring non-actors interacting with each other or dealing with invented or contrived challenges, such as competing against others for a prize. Produced in a similar fashion as the documentary film genre, but with more emphasis on the showing ofinterpersonal conflict,emotional reactions, or unusual occurrences. The genre has numerous widely varying subgenres.
Court show: A court show is a television programming subgenre of eitherlegal dramas or reality legal programming. Court shows present content mainly in the form of legal hearings betweenplaintiffs anddefendants, which are presided over by a pseudo-judge. Court shows first arose in the United States, and are still predominantly found in the country today.
Talk show: A television show in which one person (or a group of people) discuss various topics put forth by atalk show host. Usually, guests on a talk show consist of a group of people who are learned or who have great experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that particular episode. There are several major formats of talk shows, each subgenre generally predominating during a specificprogramming block during the broadcast day which informs the shows' overall style and themes. (Spoof talk shows are excluded from this list, as they are primarily scripted.)
Breakfast television: morning shows that generally alternate between news summaries, political coverage, feature stories, celebrity interviews, and musical performances.
Sunday morning talk shows: generally focus on political news and interviews with elected political figures and candidates for office, commentators, and journalists.
"Lifestyle" orself-help: programs that generally feature a host or hosts of medical practitioners, therapists, or counselors and guests who seek intervention, describe medical or psychological problems, or offer advice. One example isThe Dr. Oz Show.[33]
Tabloid talk show: a subgenre of the talk show genre in which the host invites a guest (either "ordinary" people, celebrities, political commentators, etc.), or a group of guests, to discuss provocative topics, including their own interpersonal issues. With topics ranging from marital infidelity to more outlandish subjects, guests are encouraged to make public confessions, and even resolve their issues via on-camera "group therapy".[34] These shows typically air during the day, though such criteria are not necessary for a talk show to be considered "tabloid". Examples includeThe Jerry Springer Show,Dr. Phil, andMaury.
Panel-discussion shows: evening (or late-night) programmes involving a group of people (often celebrities, comedians, politicians, experts, or other public figures) and usually a host/moderator, gathered to discuss a topic in front of an audience, usually with a focus on news, politics, and/or popular culture. Examples includeAfter Dark,Real Time with Bill Maher,Loose Women.[35]
Late-night talk shows: talk shows that air or release (for web series) during the late evening/night, and focus primarily on topical comedy and variety entertainment. Most traditionally open with amonologue by the host, with jokes relating to current events. Other segments typically include interviews with celebrity guests, recurringcomedy sketches, as well as performances by musicians or otherstand-up comics.
Aftershows: feature in-depth discussion about a program that aired just before on the same network. These shows often have guests, who can include cast members and crew of the given show, as well as fans of the show. Example:Talking Dead (followsThe Walking Dead).
Variety show: Also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, this is an entertainment made up of a variety of acts (hence the name), especially musical performances and sketch comedy, and normally introduced by acompère (master of ceremonies) or host. Other types of acts include magic, animal and circus acts, acrobatics, juggling and ventriloquism. Variety shows were a staple of anglophone television from its early days into the 1970s, and lasted into the 1980s. In several parts of the world, variety TV remains popular and widespread.
Cooking show: A television program that presents food presentation in akitchentelevision studio. Over the course of the program, the show's host, who is usually acelebrity chef, prepares one or more dishes over the course of the episode. The chef takes the viewing audience through the food's inspiration, preparation, and stages of cooking.
Music television: where viewers listen to music on the television, commonly having a visual or completemusic video. It is similar to a radio station apart from the visual components.
Public affairs: This refers to radio or television programs that focus on politics and public policy. Among commercial broadcasters, such programs are often only to satisfy U.S.Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulatory expectations and are not scheduled inprime time. Public affairs television programs are usually broadcast at times when few listeners or viewers are tuned in (or even awake) in the US, in time slots known as graveyard slots; such programs can be frequently encountered at times such as 5–6 a.m. on a Sunday morning.
Religious: produced by religious organizations, usually with a religious message. It can include church services, talk/variety shows, and dramatic movies. Within the last two decades, most religious programming is found on religious television networks.
Stand-up comedy: A style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience, speaking directly to them. The performer is commonly known as a comic, stand-up comic, stand-up comedian or simply a stand-up. In stand-up comedy the comedian usually recites a fast-paced succession of humorous stories, short jokes called "bits", and one-liners, which constitute what is typically called a monologue, routine or act. Some stand-up comedians use props, music or magic tricks to enhance their acts. Stand-up comedy is often performed in comedy clubs, bars, neo-burlesques, colleges, and theaters. Outside of live performance, stand-up is often distributed commercially via television, DVD, and the internet.
Sports TV: The coverage of sports as a television program, on radio and other broadcasting media. It usually involves one or more sports commentators describing the events as they happen, which is called "colour commentary".
Specialty channels are commercial broadcasting or non-commercial television channel that focus on a single genre, subject, or targeted television market at a specific demographic. The number of specialty channels has increased during the 1990s and 2000s while the previously common concept of countries having just a few (national) TV stations addressing all interest groups and demographics became increasingly outmoded, as it already had been for some time in several countries. About 65% of today's satellite channels are specialty channels.
Genres in video games are formulated somewhat differently than other forms of media. Unlike film or television, which are typically distinguished by visual or narrative elements, video games are generally categorized into genres based on theirgameplay interaction, since this is the primary quality from which one experiences a video game.[36][37][38] In other words, thenarrative setting does not impact gameplay; a role-playing game is still a role-playing game, whether it takes place in a magical kingdom or in outer space.[39][40]
Most genres from all other types of media can be applied to video games, but are secondary to the genre types described below, which are those unique to video games.
Fighting: games in which two or more playable characters fight, each character usually having their own unique moves. Often, the goal of the game is to be the last man standing.Mortal Kombat andStreet Fighter are generally credited with popularizing the fighting game.
Platform: games in which the core objective is for theplayer character to move (including jump and climb) between points in a rendered environment and avoid obstacles. These games tend to feature much uneven terrain, vertical environments, and player characters able to jump many times their own height. Some of the most well-known examples of this genre are theSuper Mario andSonic the Hedgehog franchises.
Shooter: Where the main purpose is to fight using guns.
First-person shooter (FPS): A variant of the shooting game. In the game, the camera is actually in place of the character's eyes, so that you are playing the game from the character's view, looking down the barrel of a gun.
Massively multiplayer online First-person shooter (MMOFPS): An online gaming genre set in a persistent world with a large number of simultaneous players in a first-person shooter fashion. These games provide large-scale, sometimes team-based combat.
Survival horror: The player is placed in a horrifying situation of which they must escape. The major emphasis of most survival horror games is placed upon tension and a truly terrifying or grisly scenario. Puzzle-solving is a major characteristic of the genre. Examples:Resident Evil,Silent Hill andClock Tower series.
Role-playing game (RPG) is one in which the player controls the actions of a character or characters immersed in some well-defined world. This is also similar to non-video game forms of gaming that involve roleplaying, includingplay-by-post gaming andtabletop roleplaying games. Most of these games cast the player in the role of a character that grows in strength andexperience over the course of the game. The most exemplary of this genre are thePokémon andFinal Fantasy franchises.
Massive multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG): similar to a regular RPG, but it is a multiplayer game played via theinternet. During this game, thousands of players from around the world can play the same game at the same time and chat with each other. Players sign onto the game and complete quests while exploring the virtual world. Many MMORPGs arefree-to-play, the most popular of which includeRuneScape andTERA, while the most popular "pay-to-play" game isWorld of Warcraft.
Open-world RPG: Where the object of the game is to dominate a virtual system (often a simulated natural system), wherein enjoyment is derived through self-expression imposed upon the virtual system. Example:Minecraft.
Simulation games are designed to closely simulate real-world activities.
Construction and management (CMS): require players to build, develop/expand, and/or manage a fictional community or project, such as a simulated zoo.[43][44]
Flight Simulation: A game where simulating aircraft as realistically as possible is the goal. This includes aspects of simulating the particular flight model of an aircraft (flight behavior and characteristics),avionics, various aircraft systems, performance (like engine simulation), and atmospherics, such as weather, but often also includes simulations of the flight environment, such as radio communications (air traffic control), different maps or landscapes, airports, ground management and in combat flight sims also weapon systems and targets, such as tanks, SAMs, etc.
Simulation shooter: Features the basic mechanics of a shooter, where using a gun is the primary method of gameplay, but emphasizes realism, often incorporating features like ballistics and realistic character damage.
Tactical (aka soldier sim): have higher degrees of realism than other shooters, trying to simulate the feeling of being in combat. Example:Arma. (Could also be included under military simulation)
Simulation strategy: A strategy game that emphasizes realism, such as theTotal War series of games, usually focusing on a specific time and location in human history, such as theRoman Empire.
Military simulation:wargames with higher degrees of realism compared to other wargames and set in a fantasy or science fiction environment. These attempt to simulate real warfare at either a tactical or strategic level.[45]
Racing game: games in either the first-person or third-person perspective in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land, air, or sea vehicles. They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings. In general, they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore simulations, such asGran Turismo, and simpler arcade racing games, such asNeed for Speed. Racing games may also fall under the category of sports games.
Strategy: A game centered around controlling or commanding a large group of characters, such as an army. Gameplay is centered around getting them to perform tasks or build structures so as to increase their power or numbers. Often the player's opponent has an army of their own, and in order to win the player needs to use their abilities in a strategic way so as to capture rival territory or destroy enemy structures.
Real-time strategy (RTS): where everybody moves at the same time, and races to think of a better strategy than the other players. Most of these video games are about military.
Turn-based strategy: Where everybody takes turns. Once everybody has placed their units and military characters in the right spot they can't move again until the next turn begins. This structure is prominently used inRPGs.
Tower defense: Where the goal is to defend a player's territories or possessions by obstructing the enemy attackers, usually achieved by placing defensive structures on or along their path of attack.
Wargame: emphasize strategic or tactical warfare on a map. Wargames generally take one of four archetypal forms, depending on whether the game is turn-based or real-time and whether the game's focus is uponmilitary strategy ortactics.
Military simulation: wargames with higher degrees of realism compared to other wargames and set in a fantasy or science fiction environment. These attempt to simulate real warfare at either a tactical or strategic level.[45]
Music game: Games in which music is usually played (as opposed to the musical genres intheatre andfilm, which refer to stories that feature characters singing about the events in the plot). To win, the player must match the rhythm of the music by pushing the right button combination until their opponents are unable to keep up with them. Examples: theGuitar Hero andRock Band game series.
Puzzle: where a player must solve puzzles to progress through the levels.
Party: Mostly suitable for multiple players and social gatherings. In most of these, the player or players compete or cooperate in smaller games, orminigames, within the main game. This genre was popularized byMario Party.
Platforms are particular combinations of hardware and associated software through which video games are operated. As such, games are sometimes categorized by platform orinterface, as differences in technology can lead to distinct gameplay and aesthetic features, etc. (Games are typically designed to be played on a limited number of platforms.)
Classic/Vintage: Usually associated with arcade games likePac-Man, most of these games typically require the player to navigate a maze or other obstacle.
Though some terms generally describegame mechanics rather than referring to a specific genre, they are often used to describe games as if it were in fact a defining genre.
Open world and sandbox: In broad terms, such games include interacting systems that encourage player experimentation.The Sims (2000) is an example of a game that can be considered both open-world and sandbox.
Open-world RPG: Where the object of the game is to dominate a virtual system (often a simulated natural system), wherein enjoyment is derived through self-expression imposed upon the virtual system. Example:Minecraft.
Sandbox game: avideo game with a gameplay element that gives the player a great degree of creativity to complete tasks towards a goal within the game, if such a goal exists.Minecraft andRoblox (2011) are some of the most notable examples of a sandbox game, with players able to enjoy in both creative modes and through more goal-drivensurvival modes.
Though video games are typically developed for the function of entertainment, there are some games developed for additional purposes. These include:
Advergame: promotional game or gaming software specifically made to advertise a product, organization, or viewpoint. Example:Pepsiman.
Art: games that are designed to emphasize art and/or are structured around the intent to evoke a non-ludological reaction in its audience
Casual: designed for ease of accessibility, simple-to-understand gameplay, quick-to-grasp rule sets, and generally low-intensity elements. They are aimed atmass market audiences rather thanhardcore gamers.[47][48] Example:Angry Birds (2009)
Christian: games created to spread theChristian faith, as well as to provide Christian gamers with a common pool of games.
Educational: games adapted for educational purposes, to be used at home or school.
Esports game: a multiplayer game that are typically played competitively at the professional level.
Exergame: games designed to provide exercise, often designed to use with an ancillary exercise input device. Example:Wii Fit (which uses theWii Balance Board)
Popular music: any musical style accessible to the general public and disseminated by themass media.
Blues: A somewhat somber, quieter style of music whose name refers to the unhappiness of the performer. These became popular in the early 20th century alongsidejazz, and influenced the early development of rock music. A major genre within R&B, and one of its earliest genres as well.
Country music: American popular music that began in the rural regions of theSouthern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from southeastern American folk music and Western music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, fiddles, and harmonicas. The term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute in the United States.
Bluegrass: is a form ofAmerican roots music, with roots in the English, Irish, and Scottish traditional music, a notableblues andjazz influence and a high lonesome sound, being later influenced by the music of African-Americans. Unlike country music, bluegrass is mostly accompanied by acousticstringed instruments.
Electronic music: employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production. It consists of a number of separate genres, many of which are still evolving. One major category within this form of music is electronic dance music (EDM), with its own multitude of genres and subgenres, which is primarily associated with the dance and club scene.
Ambient: focuses on the timbral characteristics of sounds, particularly organised or performed to evoke an "atmospheric", "visual" or "unobtrusive" quality.
Synthwave: influenced by 1980s film soundtracks and video games, using basslines and leads from ananalog synthesizer. It expresses nostalgia for 1980s culture and its advancement towards the future, attempting to capture the era's atmosphere and celebrate it. Includes work byKavinsky,Electric Youth andPower Glove.
Trance: generally characterized by atempo of between approximately 128 and 150 BPM, melodicsynthesizer phrases, and a musical form that is progressive as it builds up and down throughout a track. Includes work bySvenson & Gielen,Cosmic Gate,PBK,Rank 1 andATB.
Hip-hop and rap: morerhythmically based, mostly African-American urban-derived genres, with a wide array of subgenres between them.
Jazz: originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. Jazz has, from its early 20th-century inception, spawned a variety of subgenres, from New Orleans Dixieland dating from the early 1910s, big band-style swing from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s, a variety of Latin jazz fusions such as Afro-Cuban and Brazilian jazz from the 1950s and 1960s, jazz-rock fusion from the 1970s and late 1980s developments such as acid jazz, which blended jazz influences into funk and hip-hop.
Pop: once referred to any popular music during the time period, though the term has slowly gained use as a more specific (yet still somewhat vague) genre descriptor for music with a catchy, relatively consistent melody, among other aspects. It is commonly placed as having started in the mid-20th century, alongside rock music. Muchdance music falls under this genre, and much modern rock music is considered to include elements of it as well, since bands such as the Beatles were a significant stylistic influence on what is now considered pop.
Rock: originated from folk and blues. It used newer electrical instruments instead of relying solely on the classical woodwinds and stringed instruments. It first became popular in the mid-20th century because of famous bands likeThe Beatles andThe Rolling Stones.
Heavy metal: Similar to rock, and generally considered a subgenre of it. It usually uses the same electrical instruments, but the music is more intense and less "pop" in style (see below) such asBlack Sabbath,Judas Priest,Iron Maiden andMetallica.
Punk rock: developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known asproto-punk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. Includes work byThe Adverts, theSex Pistols andThe Clash.
Calypso: developed in the mid-20th century out ofKaiso music. The genre became a worldwide hit in the 1950s when the 1956 album titledCalypso was the first full-length record to sell more than a million copies.
Reggae: first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. While sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to most types of Jamaican music, the termreggae more properly denotes a particular music style that originated following on the development ofska androcksteady. Reggae is based on a rhythmic style characterized by accents on the off-beat, known as the skank. Reggae is normally slower than ska. Reggae usually accents the second and fourth beat in each bar. Reggae song lyrics deal with many subjects, including religion, love, sexuality, peace, relationships, drugs, poverty, injustice and other social and political issues.
Merengue: first developed in the Dominican Republic in the mid-19th century and has become very popular since then. The style of the genre uses theaccordion usually as the lead instrument, theguitar and/orsaxophone as the melody,tambora andgüira percussion instruments and at intivals themarimba usually joining the combination.
Early music: music from the year 500 through 1600. Early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western art music.
Medieval music: music composed from around the middle of the 5th century to the middle of the 15th century, largely characterized by monophonic and polyphonic music.
Renaissance music: largely composed from the middle of the 15th century to around 1600.
Classical: music that was composed from around the middle of the 18th century until the early 19th century. The key musical forms were the symphony, the concerto, and the sonata. Also includes some more recently written music (Neo-classical) that contains many of the same musical elements.
Romantic: composed from the early 19th century to about 1910, which emphasized dramatic themes and subject matter.
Neo-romantic: more recently written music that contain similar musical elements as the romantic period.
20th-century (including20th-century classical) andcontemporary classical: a wide classification of music composed in the 20th century to the present. Music from the 20th century deals largely with sound experimentation and moving away from the traditional tendencies of tonality.
^Walter Scott, "Essay on Romance" (Prose Works, vol. VI), p. 129, as quoted in Scott, Walter. 1992. "Introduction". InQuentin Durward, edited by S. Maning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^abSaricks, Joyce (2009).The Readers' Advisory Guide to Genre Fiction. Chicago: American Library Association. p. 132.ISBN978-0-8389-0989-8.
^abcOrr, Cynthia (2013).Genreflecting. California: Libraries Unlimited. pp. 229–230.ISBN978-1-59884-841-0.
^Izenberg, Orin.Being Numerous: Poetry and the Ground of Social Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011; p. 210
^Leitch, Thomas M.What Stories Are: Narrative Theory and Interpretation University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1986; p. 127
^Domańska, Ewa.Encounters: Philosophy of History After Postmodernism Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1998; p. 10
^Mendlesohn, Farah (2014). "The Portal-Quest Fantasy".Rhetorics of Fantasy. Wesleyan University Press.ISBN9780819573919.
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^Orr, Cynthia (2013).Genreflecting. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 208–209.ISBN978-1-59884-841-0.
^"Drama". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2015.a play, movies, television show, or radio show that is about a serious subject and is not meant to make the audience laugh
