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List of current monarchs of sovereign states

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Amonarch is thehead of amonarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules forlife or untilabdication, and typicallyinherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may beautocrats (as in allabsolute monarchies)[2] or may beceremonialfigureheads, exercising only limited or noreserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in alegislature and/orexecutive cabinet (as in manyconstitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also belinked with astate religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although aregent may rule when the monarch is aminor,not present, orotherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known ascoregencies.[6]

A variety oftitles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "grand duke" and "grand duchess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will beaddressed differently in their local languages, thenames and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent.Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name,[7] have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated withhereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within aroyal family.[6][8]Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such asproximity of blood,primogeniture, andagnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through anelective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia.[9] These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics.[10] Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of aroyal bloodline.[11][12]

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respectivesovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed underconstituent monarchs. For a list of former ruling families or abolished thrones, see:former ruling families.

Monarchs by country

[edit]
TitleMonarchPortraitArms or emblemSovereign state(s)Since
(Length)		HouseTypeHeir to the throneRef.
Co-Prince[a]Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat
Andorra31 May 2025
(258 days)		N/aCeremonialEx officio[13][14]
Emmanuel Macron14 May 2017
(8 years, 275 days)
KingCharles III[b]
Antigua and Barbuda8 September 2022[c]
(3 years, 158 days)		Windsor[d]CeremonialWilliam, Prince of Wales[15][16][17][18]
[19][20][21][22][23][24]
[25][26][27][28][29]
Australia
The Bahamas
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
United Kingdom
KingHamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
Bahrain6 March 1999[e]
(26 years, 344 days)		Al Khalifa[f]ExecutiveSalman, Crown Prince of Bahrain[30]
KingPhilippe
Belgium21 July 2013
(12 years, 207 days)		Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[g]CeremonialElisabeth, Duchess of Brabant, Princess of Belgium[h][34]
King[i]Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Bhutan9 December 2006[j]
(19 years, 66 days)		WangchuckExecutiveJigme Namgyel[36]
SultanHassanal Bolkiah
Brunei5 October 1967[k]
(58 years, 131 days)[dubious –discuss]		BolkiahAbsoluteAl-Muhtadee Billah[37]
KingNorodom Sihamoni
Cambodia14 October 2004[l]
(21 years, 122 days)		Norodom[m]CeremonialHereditary and elective[n][39]
KingFrederik X
Denmark14 January 2024
(2 years, 30 days)		Glücksburg[o][p]CeremonialChristian, Crown Prince of Denmark[43]
King[q]Mswati III
Eswatini25 April 1986
(39 years, 294 days)		DlaminiAbsoluteHereditary and elective[r][46][47]
Queen Mother[q]Ntfombi
10 August 1983
(42 years, 187 days)
EmperorNaruhito[s]
Japan1 May 2019[t]
(6 years, 288 days)		Imperial House[u]CeremonialFumihito, Prince Akishino (Heir presumptive)[v][53]
KingAbdullah II
Jordan7 February 1999[w]
(27 years, 6 days)		Al HāshimExecutiveHereditary and elective (presumablyHussein bin Abdullah)[x][56][57]
EmirMishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Kuwait16 December 2023[y]
(2 years, 59 days)		Al Sabah[f]ExecutiveHereditary and elective (presumablySabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah)[z][62]
KingLetsie III
Lesotho7 February 1996[aa]
(30 years, 6 days)		MosheshCeremonialLerotholi Seeiso[63][64]
PrinceHans-Adam II
Liechtenstein13 November 1989[ab]
(36 years, 92 days)		LiechtensteinExecutiveAlois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein (currently Prince Regent)[65]
Grand DukeGuillaume V
Luxembourg3 October 2025[ac]
(133 days)		Luxembourg-Nassau[ad]CeremonialPrince Charles of Luxembourg[67][obsolete source]
King[ae]Sultan Ibrahim
Malaysia31 January 2024[af]
(2 years, 13 days)		TemenggongCeremonial &FederalElective (presumablySultan Nazrin Shah)[ag][73]
PrinceAlbert II
Monaco6 April 2005[ah]
(20 years, 313 days)		GrimaldiExecutiveJacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco[77]
KingMohammed VI
Morocco23 July 1999[ai]
(26 years, 205 days)		AlawiExecutiveMoulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco[79]
KingWillem-Alexander
Netherlands30 April 2013
(12 years, 289 days)		Orange-Nassau[aj]CeremonialCatharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange[82]
KingHarald V
Norway17 January 1991[ak]
(35 years, 27 days)		Glücksburg[o]CeremonialHaakon, Crown Prince of Norway[83]
SultanHaitham bin Tariq
Oman11 January 2020
(6 years, 33 days)		Al SaidAbsoluteTheyazin bin Haitham[84]
EmirTamim bin Hamad Al Thani
Qatar25 June 2013
(12 years, 233 days)		Al ThaniExecutiveAbdullah bin Hamad[85][86]
KingSalman
Saudi Arabia23 January 2015
(11 years, 21 days)		Al SaudAbsoluteMohammed bin Salman[al][88]
KingFelipe VI
Spain19 June 2014
(11 years, 239 days)		Bourbon-Anjou[am]CeremonialLeonor, Princess of Asturias (Heir presumptive)[an][90]
KingCarl XVI Gustaf
Sweden15 September 1973[ao]
(52 years, 151 days)		BernadotteCeremonialVictoria, Crown Princess of Sweden[92]
KingRama X,Vajiralongkorn[ap]
Thailand13 October 2016[aq]
(9 years, 123 days)		ChakriCeremonialDipangkorn Rasmijoti (Heir presumptive)[96]
KingTupou VI
Tonga18 March 2012
(13 years, 332 days)		Tupou[ar]ExecutiveTupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala[98]
PresidentMohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
United Arab Emirates14 May 2022
(3 years, 275 days)		Al Nahyan[as]Executive &Federal[at]Hereditary and elective (presumablyKhaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan)[au][102]
PopeLeo XIV[av]
Vatican City (Holy See)8 May 2025
(281 days)		N/aAbsoluteElective[103]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^TheBishop of Urgell and thepresident of France each hold the position ofco-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.
  2. ^Charles is currently King of fifteen separateCommonwealth realms.
  3. ^Coronation took place 6 May 2023.
  4. ^Agnatically a member of theHouse of Glücksburg, a branch of theHouse of Oldenburg.
  5. ^Hamad bin Isa reigned asAmir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title ofKing of Bahrain under a new Constitution.[30]
  6. ^abA clan of theUtub tribe.[31]
  7. ^TheHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[32] is a branch of theHouse of Wettin.[33]
  8. ^The Belgian monarch does not automatically assume the throne at the death or abdication of their predecessor; they only become monarch upon taking a constitutional oath.
  9. ^Officially theDruk Gyalpo (འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་པོ་;lit. 'Dragon King')
  10. ^Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[35]
  11. ^Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[37]
  12. ^Coronation took place 29 October 2004.[38]
  13. ^A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants ofNorodom I.[39][40]
  14. ^The king is selected for life by theRoyal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kingsAng Duong,Norodom, andSisowath.[41]
  15. ^abOfficially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a branch of theHouse of Oldenburg.[42]
  16. ^Agnatically a member of theHouse of Monpezat, but officially a member of the House of Glücksburg through his motherMargrethe II.
  17. ^abThe Monarchy of Eswatini is adiarchy jointly headed by the King and the Queen Mother.
  18. ^Succession is subject to customary law, and does not followprimogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the nextking. This woman will succeed asqueen mother upon her son's ascension to the throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.[44][45]
  19. ^"Naruhito" is the current emperor'sgiven name, but it is not hisregnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. Theera of Naruhito's reign bears the name "Reiwa", and according to custom he will berenamed "Emperor Reiwa" following his death.[citation needed][48]
  20. ^Theformal enthronement ceremony was held on 22 October 2019.[49]
  21. ^The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.[50][51] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancientYamato Court.[52] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
  22. ^Succession is based upon male primogeniture. However, Naruhito currently has no male children.
  23. ^Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[54]
  24. ^Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.[55]
  25. ^Formally enthroned on 20 December 2023 upon the invitation of Parliament.[58]
  26. ^The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.[59] The throne was traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family – theAl Salem andAl Jaber – until 2006.[60][61] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
  27. ^Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[63]
  28. ^Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[citation needed] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served asprince regent since 26 August 1984.[65] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his sonAlois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[66]
  29. ^Prior to formal enthronement, Guillaume had served asprince regent since 8 October 2024.[67]
  30. ^The royal family of Luxembourg are members of theHouse of Nassau-Weilburg,[68] descended from theHouse of Nassau and theParma branch of theHouse of Bourbon, a branch of theHouse of Capet.
  31. ^Officially known in Malay as the "Yang di-Pertuan Agong", which roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is rendered officially by government sources in English as "King".[69]
  32. ^Elected on 27 October 2023.[70] Term of office started on 31 January 2024.[71]
  33. ^TheYang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of theMalay states, who form theCouncil of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based onseniority.[72]
  34. ^Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[74][75] He had previously served as regent from 31 March 2005 until his accession to the throne.[76]
  35. ^Formally enthroned on 30 July 1999.[78]
  36. ^A branch of theHouse of Nassau, andagnatically a member of theHouse of Amsberg.[80][81]
  37. ^Formallyenthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served asprince regent since 1 June 1990.[83]
  38. ^Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions:[87]
  39. ^A branch of theHouse of Bourbon.
  40. ^Succession is based upon male primogeniture. However, Felipe VI currently has no male children.[89]
  41. ^Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[91]
  42. ^He is also styledRama X.[93]
  43. ^Vajiralongkorn was proclaimed King on 1 December 2016 with retroactive effect to the date of his father's death.[93]The coronation took place from 4 – 6 May 2019.[94][95]
  44. ^A line of theTuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[97][98]
  45. ^The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of theYas tribe.[99]
  46. ^ThePrime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.[100]
  47. ^According to theConstitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[100] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (seeconstituent monarchs), which makes it ade facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Sheikh of Dubai.[101]
  48. ^FormerlyCardinal Robert Francis Prevost of theUnited States andPeru. Reigns asSovereign of the Vatican City State, by virtue of beingBishop of Rome.

References

[edit]
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