This is a list ofGalician words ofCeltic origin, many of them being shared withPortuguese (sometimes with minor differences) since both languages are from medievalGalician-Portuguese. A few of these words existed inLatin asloanwords from a Celtic source, usuallyGaulish, while others have been later received from other languages, mainlyFrench,Occitan, and in some casesSpanish. Finally, some were directly acquired fromGallaecian, the local pre-Latin Celtic language. Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and thereforehypothetical.
A systematic investigation of the Celtic words in Galician-Portuguese is still lacking.[1]
Old Galicianambas [f p] 'waters, river',ambas mestas [f] 'confluence',[13][14] from Celtic ambe[15] 'water, river', akin to Gaulishambe 'river', Old Irishabu.
androlla 'pig's large intestine', from *anterolia 'entrails' < *h1ṇter-o 'that is between, internal', Asturianandroya, Sanskritantrá 'entrails, guts', Armenianənderk, Hittiteandurza 'insides', Greekéntera, Celticenātro[16]
angazo 'rake', from *ankatio 'hook' < *h2ṇk-ā-tyo, Asturianangazu andangüezu, old Irishécath ‘fish hook’, middle Welshanghad < *h2ṇk-o-to (EDPC: 37).[16]
banzo[2] [m] (alternative spellingbanço) 'crossbar, beam', from *wṇk-yo,[4] cognate of Spanishbanzo; akin to Irish féice < *wenk-yo, 'ridgepole'.
barga [f] 'hut; wall made of hurdles; hurdle, fence', from Celtic *wraga,[17][18] cognate of Spanishvarga 'hut', Frenchbarge, akin to Old Irishfraig, Irishfraigh 'braided wall, roof, pen', Brgwrac'hell 'haybale, rick of hay'.
Derivatives:bargo 'stake or flagstone used for making fences or walls';barganzo,bargado 'hurdle, fence'.
barra [f] 'garret, loft, upper platform', from proto-Celtic *barro-,[4][5] cognate of Irish, Bretonbarr 'summit, peak, top', Welshbar
bascullo [m] 'bundle of straw; broom', from proto-Celtic *baski- 'bundle',[5] cognate of Gasconbascojo 'basket', Asturianbascayu 'broom', Bretonbec'h 'bundle, load'.
Berros.
berro [m] 'watercress', from proto-Celtic *beru-ro-,[4][5][19][20] cognate of Spanishberro; akin to Old Irishbiror, Welshberwr, Old Bretonberor; similarly Frenchberle 'water parsnip' (<berula; Irbiolar, Bretonbeler).
bico [m] 'beak, kiss', from proto-Celtic *bekko-,[5][21][22] cognate of Italianbecco, Frenchbec.
Derivatives:bicar 'to kiss',bicaño 'hill',bicallo (a fish, Gadus luscus).
bidueiro[2] [m] < *betūlariu,biduo [m] < *betūlu,bidulo [m] < *betūllu 'birch',[23] from Celtic *betu- or *betū-,[4][5] cognate of Spanishbiezo, Catalanbeç, Occitanbèç (< bettiu); Spanishabedul, Frenchbouleau, Italianbetulla (< betula); akin to Irishbeith, Welshbedw, Bretonbezv.
Derivatives:Bidueiral,Bidual 'place with birch-trees'.
billa,[2] alternative spellingbilha, [f] 'spigot; stick' to Proto-Celtic *beljo- 'tree, trunk',[24] akin to Old Irishbille 'large tree, tree trunk', Manxbilley 'tree', Welshpill 'stump', Bretonpil; cognate of Frenchbille 'log, chunk of wood'.
borba[2] [f] 'mud, slime, mucus', from proto-Celtic *borwâ-,[25] cognate of Frenchbourbe 'mud'; akin to Irishborb 'mud, slime',bearbh 'boiling', Welshberw 'boiling', Bretonberv 'broth, bubbling'.
Derivatives:borbento 'mucilaginous'.
borne [m] 'edge', from Frenchborne 'milestone, landmark', from Old Frenchbosne,bodne, from Vulgar Latin*bodĭna / *budĭna 'border tree', from proto-Celtic *botina 'troop'.,[26] akin to Old Irishbuiden, Welshbyddin 'army' (from*budīnā)
braga[2] [f] 'trousers', from proto-Celtic *braco-,[27] cognate of Spanish, Occitanbraga, Frenchbraie, Italianbrache.
braña [f] (alternative spellingbranha) 'meadow, bog, quagmire', from proto-Celtic *bragno-,[5][28] cognate of Asturian and Cantabrianbraña, Catalanbraina, akin to Irishbrén, Welshbraen, Bretonbrein 'putrid'; Irbréanar, Wbraenar, Brbreinar 'fallow field'.
Derivatives:brañal,brañeira,brañento 'idem'.
breixo[29] [m] 'heather', from *broccius,[30] from Proto-Celtic *vroiki-,[24] akin to Old Irishfroich, Welshgrug, gwrug, Cornishgrug, Bretonbrug; cognate of Spanishbrezo, Occitanbruga, Frenchbruyère.
Old Galicianbren [m] 'bran', maybe from Provençalbrem, from proto-Celtic *brenno-,[31] cognate of Frenchbran, Lombardbren.
bringa[32] [f]'stalk, rod', from *brīnikā, from Celtic *brīnos 'rod'; akin to Welshbrwyn 'rush', Cornishbroenn, Bretonbroen; cognate of Frenchbrin 'blade (of grass), stalk'.
brío[2] [m] 'might, power', from Italianbrio, from Catalan/Old Occitanbriu 'wild', from Celtic *brigos,[5] cognate of Occitanbriu, Old Frenchbrif 'finesse, style'; akin to Old Irishbríg 'power', Welshbri 'prestige, authority', Bretonbri 'respect'.
Old Galicianbusto [m] 'cattle farm, dairy', from a Celtic compound *bow-sto-[33] meaning 'cow-place', akin to Celtiberianboustom 'cow shed, byre', Old Irishbua-thech 'cow house/byre'; cognate of Portuguesebostar, Spanishbustar
Derivatives:bustar 'pastures'.
cai [m] 'quay, jetty', maybe from French (itself from Norman)quai, from proto-Celtic *kag-yo-,[5][34][35] akin to Welshcae, Cornishke, Bretonkae 'hedge'; Frenchchai 'cellar'.
callao [m] 'boulder; pebble', from Celtic *kalyāwo- 'stone'.[36]
cambiar 'to change', fromVulgar Latincambiare, from proto-Celtic *kambo-,[4][5][37] cognate of Frenchchanger, Occitan/Spanishcambiar, Catalancanviar, Italiancambiare; akin to Bretonkemm 'exchange', Old Irishcimb 'ransom'.
camba[2] [f] 'wheel rim' from proto-Celtic *kambo-,[4][5][38] cognate of Old Irishcamm 'crooked, bent, curved'. Cognate of Occitancambeta 'part of plough', Limousin Occitanchambija (<*cambica) 'part of plough'
Derivatives:cambito, cambada, camballa, cambeira 'coil; crooked log for hanging fish',cambela 'type of plough',cambota 'beam'.
camiño[2][39] [m] 'pathway', alternative spellingcaminho, from Vulgar Latin *cammīnus, from proto-Celtic *kanxsman-,[5][40] cognate of Italiancammino, Frenchchemin, Spanishcamino, Catalancamí, Occitancamin; akin to Old Irishcéimm, Cornish and Bretonkamm 'step', Asturiangalmu 'step' < *kan-mo.[16]
Derivatives:camiñar 'to walk'.
camisa[2] [f] 'shirt' from Latin, from Gaulishcamisia.[41] cognate of Spanish/Occitancamisa, Italiancamicia, Frenchchemise
cando [m] 'dry stick', from medievalcandano, from Celtic *kando- 'bright, white', cognate of Welshcann 'bright, light'.[42]
canga'[2][43][f] 'collar, yoke', from Celtic *kambika.[44] Akin to Irish 'cuing' yoke.
canto [m] 'rim, corner', from proto-Celtic *kanto-,[4] akin to Old Irishcét 'round stone pillar, Welshcant 'tire rim', Bretonkant 'disk'; cognate of Old Frenchchant, Occitancant, Spanishcanto.
Derivatives:recanto 'corner',cantón 'edge of a field',acantoar 'to hide, to isolate',cantil 'cliff'
A Galician traditionalcarro. The wheels are built withcambas or curved pieces; the laterals of the cart are calledchedas.
carozo [m] 'fruit core', asturiancaruezu, both from *karosio < *kro-o-syo, related with Celtic *karīso ‘fruit core’ (< *kro-ī-so, Welshceri, Schrijver 1991, 208) and Latincarīna ‘nut shell’ (< *kro-is-na, EDL: 93).
carro [m] 'cart, wagon', from Vulgar Latincarrum, from proto-Celtic *karro-,[4][5][45] cognate of Rumaniancar, Italiancarro, Frenchchar, Provençalcar, Spanishcarro; akin to Irishcarr, Welshcar, Bretonkarr.
Derivatives:carreira 'road',carregar 'to load'.
caxigo [m] 'oak;Portuguese oak', from *cassīcos, from Celtic *cassos 'curly, twisted',[46] akin to Irishcas 'twist, turn, spin', Old Welshcascord 'to twist'; cognate of Asturiancaxigu, Aragonesecaixico, Gasconcasse, Frenchchêne 'oak' (< *cassanos).
centolo [m] 'European spider crab', akin to Gaulish personal name CINTULLOS 'the first one',[47] from PCl *kintu- 'first'.
cervexa[2] [f] 'beer', alternative spellingcerveja, from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia, from Gaulish[48] Cognates: Old Frenchcervoise, Provençal, Spanishcerveza; akin to Old Irishcoirm, Welshcwrw, Cornish and Bretonkorev.
cheda[2] [f] 'lateral external board of a cart, where the crossbars are affixed', from Medieval Latincleta, from proto-Celtic *klētā,[4][5][49] cognate of Irishcloí (cloidhe) 'fence',clíath 'palisade, hurdle', Welshclwyd 'barrier, wattle, scaffolding, gate', Cornishkloos 'fence', Bretonkloued 'barrier, fence'; cognate of Frenchclaie 'rack, wattle fencing', Occitancleda, Catalancleda 'livestock pen', Basquegereta.
choco [m] 'cowbell; squid', from proto-Celtic *klokko-,[4][5][50] akin to Old Irishclocc, Welshcloch, Bretonkloc'h; cognate of Asturianllueca andllócara 'cowbell', Frenchcloche 'bell', GermanGlock.
Derivatives:chocar 'to bang, to shock',chocallo 'cowbell'.
colmea[2] [m] 'beehive', from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw'[51] (cf. Spanishcolmena 'beehive'), from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonesecuelmo; cf. Welshcalaf "reed, stalk", Cornishkala andkalaven "straw", Bretonkolo "stalk").
cómaro, comareiro [m] 'limits of a patch or field, usually left intentionally unploughed', from proto-Celtic *kom-ɸare-(yo)-,[5] cognate of Old Irishcomair 'in front of', Welshcyfair 'direction, place, spot, acre'. Or either to *kom-boros 'brought together'.[52]
Derivatives:acomarar 'to mark out a field (literally to dote with cómaros)'.
comba [f] 'valley, inflexion', from proto-Celtic *kumbā,[4][5][53] cognate of North Italiancomba, Frenchcombe, Occitancomba; akin to Irishcom, Welshcwm 'hollow (land form)', Cornishkomm 'small valley, dingle', Bretonkomm 'small valley, deep water'.
combarro [m],combarrizo [m] 'shed, shelter',[54] from proto-Celtic *kom-ber-o- 'bring together'.[5] Cognate of Middle French combres 'palisade in a river, for fishing'.
combo [m] (adj.) 'curved, bent', from Celtic *kumbo-,[4][5][55] cognate of Provençalcomb, Spanishcombo.
Derivatives:combar 'to bend'.
comboa [f] 'corral used for capturing fish trapped in low tide', from Old Galiciancombona, from Celtic *combā 'valley' or *cambos 'bent'.[55]
dorna [f] 'a type of boat; trough, measurement (volume)',[58] from proto-Celtic *durno- 'fist'.,[59] Irishdorn fist, Welshdwrn, Cornish and Bretondorn 'hand'; Akin to Old French, Occitandorn, 'a handful'.[60] Nevertheless, the Asturianduerna 'bowl' demand a form **dorno-, and for this reason, perhaps a form *dor-no (made of wood) is more possible.[61]
embaixada [f] 'embassy', from Provençalambaissada, fromambaissa 'service, duty', from proto-Celtic *ambactos 'servant',[62] akin to Welshamaeth 'farm', Cornishammeth 'farming', Old Bretonambaith, modern Bretonamaezh.
engo,irgo [m] 'danewort', from *édgo, from aLow LatinEDUCUS, from Gaulish odocos,[63] idem.[64] Cognate of Spanishyezgo, Asturianyeldu, Provençalolègue, idem.
gabela [f] 'handful, faggot', alternative spellinggavela, from proto-Celtic *gabaglā-,[65][66][67] cognate of Frenchjavelle, Provençalgavela, Spanishgavilla; akin to Old Cornishgavael 'catch, capture', Irishgabháil 'get, take, grab, capture',gabhal 'fork'.
galbán [m] 'lazy', andgalbana [f] 'laziness', akin to Gaulishgalba, from proto-Celtic *galbā.
galga [f] 'plain stone', from *gallikā, to Proto-Celtic *gallos 'stone',[4] akin to Irishgall, Frenchjalet 'stone bullet'galet 'pebble'galette 'plain cake', Spanishgalga.
Derivatives:galgar 'carving a stone to make it plain and regular'.
gorar[2] 'to hatch, to brood (an egg, or a sickness)', from proto-Celtic *gʷhor-,[68][69] akin to Irishgor 'sit on eggs, brood (eggs)' Welsh/Cornishgori 'to brood, sit (on eggs)', Bretongoriñ.
Derivatives:goro 'warmed infertile egg'.
gubia [f] 'gouge', from Celtic *gulbia, from *gulb- 'beak',[70][71] cognate of Portuguesegoiva, Spanishgubia, Frenchgouge, Italiangubba; akin to Old Irishgulba 'sting', Irishgealbhán 'sparrow', Welshgylyf 'sickle',gylf 'beak'.
lándoa [f] 'uncultivated plot', from *landula, Romance derivative of proto-Celtic *landā,[4][5][72] cognate of Old Irishlann 'land, plot', Welshlann 'church-yard', Bretonlann 'heath', Frenchlande 'sandy moor, heath', Provençal, Catalanlanda.
laxe[2][73] [f] 'stone slab', alternative spellinglage, from the medieval formlagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā,[74] cognate of Old Irishlágan,láigean, Welshllain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irishláighe 'mattock, spade'.
legua orlégua[75] [f] 'league', to Proto-Celtic *leukā, cognate of Frenchlieue, Spanishlegua; akin to Old Irishlíe (genitivelíag) 'stone', Irishlia
leira [f] 'plot, delimited and levelled field', from the medieval formlaria, from proto-Celtic *ɸlār-yo-,[5][76] akin to Old Irishlàr 'ground, floor', Cornish and Bretonleur 'ground', Welshllawr 'floor'. However, for the Spanish dialectallera 'vegetable garden, area of land' (Salamanca) is proposed a Latin origin *illam aream > *l'aream > laira, which don't appears to be appropriate for the Galician forms, already documented aslarea andipsa larea in 870.[77]
Derivatives:leiro 'small, ou unleveled, plot',leirar 'land working',leiroto, leiruca 'small plot'.
Old Galicianler [m] 'sea, seashore', from proto-Celtic *liros,[4][5] cognate of Old Irishler, Irishlear, Welshllyr 'sea'.
lercha[78] [f] 'rod, stick (used for hanging fish)', from proto-Celtic *wliskā[79] 'stick', cognate of Old Irishflesc.
lousa[2] [f] 'flagstone', from Proto-Celtic *laws-,[80] cognate of Provençallausa, Spanishlosa, Frenchlosenge 'diamond'.
Derivatives:enlousar 'to cover with flagstones',lousado 'roof'.
marulo [m] 'big, fat kid', from *mārullu,[81] diminutive of Proto-Celtic *māros 'large, great, big', akin to Irishmór, Welshmawr, Cornish and Bretonmeur.
meniño [m] 'kid, child, baby', alternative spellingmeninho, from medievalmennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-,[5] akin to Old Irishmenn 'kid (goat)', Irishmeannán, Welshmyn, Cornishmynn, Bretonmenn.
Derivatives:meniñez 'childhood'.
Amiñoca.
miñoca [f] 'earthworm', alternative spellingminhoca, dialectalmioca, miroca, from medieval *milocca, from proto-Celtic *mîlo-,[4][5] akin to Asturianmilu, merucu 'earthworm', Irishmíol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Cornish and Bretonmil 'animal'.
mostea [f] 'bundle of straw', from proto-Celtic *bostā- 'hand, palm, fist'.,[82] Irishbos, bas 'palm of hand'.
olga [f] 'patch, plot', from proto-Celtic *ɸolkā,[83][84][85] cognate of Frenchouche, Provençalolca. Nevertheless, *ɸolkā should become **ouca.
osca [f] 'notch', from Celtic *oska 'idem', cognate of Asturiangüezca, Occitanosca, Old Frenchosche, Modern Frenchouche, Welshosg 'idem'.[86]
peza [f] 'piece', alternative spellingpeça, from Vulgar Latin *pettia, from Gaulishpetsi, from proto-Celtic *kʷezdi,[5][87][88] cognate of Italianpezza, Frenchpièce, Spanishpieza; akin to Old Irishcuit (Irishcuid) 'piece, share, part', Welshpeth 'thing', Bretonpezh.
Derivatives:empezar 'to begin'.
rego [m],rega [f] 'furrow, ditch', from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā,[89][90][91] akin to Welshrhych, Bretonreg, Scottish/Irishriach 'trace left from something'; cognate of Frenchraie, Occitan, Catalanrega, Basqueerreka, Italianriga 'wrinkle'.
Derivatives:derregar 'to mark out a field',regato 'stream, gully, glen'.
reo [m] 'Salmo trutta trutta', from a Celtic formrhedo (Ausonius).[92]
rodaballo[2] [m] 'turbot', alternative spellingrodavalho, from a Celtic composite form *roto-ball-jo-,[93] meaning 'round-extremity', akin to Irishroth 'wheel', Welshrhod, Bretonrod, and Irishball 'limb, organ'.
saboga,samborca [f] 'allis shad', akin to Gaulishsamauca, idem, from Celtic *samākā 'summery'.[94]
saio[95] [m] 'coat' andsaia [f] 'skirt', from the medieval formsagia, from an ancient Celtic form from which also Latinsagum 'robe'.[96]
seara,senra [f] 'sown field recently broken up, but which is left fallow', from a medieval formsenara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irishsain 'alone', Welshhan 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'.[97] (cf. Welshâr, Irishár 'ploughed field').
tasca [f] andtascón [m], 'swingle', related to Galatiantaskós 'peg, stake'.[98]
tol andtola[99] [m / f] 'irrigation channel', to Proto-Celtic *tullo- 'pierced, perforated',[24] akin to Irishtoll 'hollow, cave, hole', Welshtwll 'hole', Cornishtoll 'hole', Bretontoull 'hole'; cognate of Spanishtollo 'hole', Catalantoll 'pool in a river', Old Frenchtolon 'hill, upland'.
tona [f] 'skin, bark, scum of milk', from proto-Celtic *tondā,[5][100][101] cognate of Old Irishtonn, Welshtonn.
Derivatives:toneira 'pot for obtaining butter from the milk'.
toxo [m], alternative spellingtojo, 'gorse, furze (Ulex europaeus)', from Celtic *togi-,[102] akin to Spanish/Gascontoja, French dialectaltuie.
Derivatives:fura-toxos 'marten';toxa 'ulex gallii';toxedo, toxa, toxeira 'place with toxos'.
trosma[103] [m] 'awkward, dimwitted', from proto-Celtic *trudsmo- or *truksmo- 'heavy',[104] akin to Old Irishtromm, Welshtrwm.
trado, trade [m] 'auger', from proto-Celtic *taratro-,[4][5][105] cognate of Irishtarathar, Welshtaradr, Bretontarar, Occitantaraire, Catalantaradre, Spanishtaladro, Frenchtarière, Romanschtarader.
Derivatives:tradar 'to drill'.
tranca [f],tranco [m] 'beam, pole', from proto-Celtic *tarankā,[106][107] cognate of Spanishtranca 'club, cudgel', Frenchtaranche 'screw bar, ratchet (wine press)', Provençaltarenco; akin to OIrtairinge 'iron nail, tine', Irtairne 'metal nail, Sctairnge 'nail'.
Derivatives:taranzón 'pillar inside the potter's oven' < *tarankyon-,tarangallo 'Wood nail, pin',trancar 'to bar a door'.
Galician traditionaltrobos orcolmeas (beehives). The closer one is similar to reconstructed Iron Age huts.
trebo, trobo [m] 'beehive', from the medieval formtrebano, proto-Celtic *trebno-,[5] akin to Old Irishtreb 'farm', Cornishtre 'home; town', Welshtref 'town'; akin to Asturiantruébanu 'beehive', Provençaltrevar 'to dwell, live (at)'.
trogo [m] 'sadness, anxiety, pity', from proto-Celtic *trougos,[4][5] akin to Old Irishtróg, Irishtrogha, Welshtru 'wretched', Bretontru 'miserable'; cognate of Portuguesetruhão, Spanishtruhan 'baffoon, jester', Frenchtruand 'beggar', Dutchtreurig 'sad'.
trollo [m] 'semicircular rake to move the oven's hot coals'. Bret.troellen, Cornishtrolh, Welshtroel, 'idem'.[108] However, Benozzo does not know the phonetic laws of Galician. The expected reflex of Celtic *trullo would be Modern Galician **trolo;trollo can be explained as a regular development from the Latintrulleus 'scoop'.
turro [m] 'boulder, heap', from a probably Celtic etymon *tūrra 'heap of earth', cognate of Welshtwrr 'heap'.[109]
vasalo [m] 'vassal' (alternative spellingvassalo), from Vulgar Latinvassalus, from proto-Celtic *wasto-,[5][110] cognate of Frenchvassal, Spanishvasallo, Middle Irishfoss 'servant', Welshgwas 'servant; lad', Bretongwaz.
verea [f] 'main road', from the medieval formvereda, from Celtic *uɸo-rēdo-,[111][112] cognate of Spanishvereda 'pathway'; akin to Welshgorwydd 'steed', Vulgar Latinveredus 'horse', Frenchpalefroi 'steed' (< *para-veredus).
^Bascuas, Edelmiro (2002).Estudios de hidronimia paleoeuropea gallega. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade, Servicio de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico. pp. 257–262.ISBN84-9750-026-1.
^Bascuas, Edelmiro (2002).Estudios de hidronimia paleoeuropea gallega. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade, Servicio de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico. p. 212.ISBN84-9750-026-1.
^Varela Sieiro, Xaime (2008).Léxico cotián na alta Idade Media de Galicia : a arquitectura civil. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. p. 207.ISBN9788497507813.
^Búa, Carlos (2007). Dieter Kremer (ed.).Onomástica galega: con especial consideración da situación prerromana : actas do primeiro Coloquio de Trier 19 e 20 de maio de 2006. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. p. 34.ISBN978-84-9750-794-3.
^Martins Estêvez, Higinio (2008).As tribos calaicas: proto-história da Galiza à luz dos dados linguísticos. San Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona: Edições da Galiza. pp. 535–537.ISBN978-84-936218-0-3.
^Francesco Benozzo "Un reperto lessicale di epoca preistorica: emiliano occidentale tròl, galego trollo ‘rastrello per le braci’". In Quaderni di filologia romanza nº 19, pxs 217-221. 2006.
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DCECH =Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (2012).Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (Ed. en CD-ROM. ed.). Madrid: Gredos.ISBN9788424936549.
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Prósper, Blanca María (2002).Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.ISBN978-84-7800-818-6.
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Ward, A. (1996).A Checklist of Proto-Celtic lexical Items.Online at Scribd.
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