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List of Asparagales of South Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of flowering plants in the order Asparagales recorded from South Africa

Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is anorder of flowering plants (anthophytes) in modern classification systems such as theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and theAngiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from thetypefamilyAsparagaceae and is placed in themonocots amongst thelilioid monocots. The order has only recently been recognized in classification systems. It was first put forward byHuber in 1977 and later taken up in theDahlgren system of 1985 and then the APG in 1998, 2003 and 2009. Before this, many of its families were assigned to the old orderLiliales, a very large order containing almost all monocots with colorfultepals and lackingstarch in theirendosperm.DNA sequence analysis indicated that many of the taxa previously included in Liliales should actually be redistributed over three orders,Liliales, Asparagales, andDioscoreales. The boundaries of the Asparagales and of its families have undergone a series of changes in recent years; future research may lead to further changes and ultimately greater stability. In the APGcircumscription, Asparagales is the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122genera, and about 36,000species.

The order is clearlycircumscribed on the basis ofmolecular phylogenetics, but it is difficult to definemorphologically since its members are structurally diverse. Most species of Asparagales areherbaceousperennials, although some areclimbers and some are tree-like. The order also contains manygeophytes (bulbs, corms, and various kinds of tuber). According totelomere sequence, at least two evolutionary switch-points happened within the order. One of the defining characteristics (synapomorphies) of the order is the presence ofphytomelanin, a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust. Phytomelanin is found in most families of the Asparagales (although not inOrchidaceae, thought to be the sister-group of the rest of the order). Theleaves of almost all species form a tightrosette, either at the base of the plant or at the end of thestem, but occasionally along the stem. Theflowers are not particularly distinctive, being 'lily type', with sixtepals and up to sixstamina. The order is thought to have firstdiverged from other related monocots some 120–130 million years ago (early in theCretaceous period), although given the difficulty in classifying the families involved, estimates are likely to be uncertain.

From an economic point of view, the order Asparagales is second in importance within the monocots to the orderPoales (which includesgrasses andcereals). Some species are used as food and flavourings.

Theanthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be aclade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained theangiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such asroses andgrasses - as well as theGnetales and the extinctBennettitales.[1]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[2] Ninebiomes have been described in South Africa:Fynbos, SucculentKaroo,desert,Nama Karoo,grassland,savanna,Albany thickets, theIndian Ocean coastal belt, andforests.[3]

The 2018South African National Biodiversity Institute'sNational Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phylaAnthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)),Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)),Bryophyta (mosses (685)),Cycadophyta (cycads (42)),Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)),Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)),Pinophyta (conifers (33)), andPteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[4]

14families are represented in the literature. Listedtaxa includespecies,subspecies,varieties, andforms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa assynonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflecttaxonomic revision over time.

Agapanthaceae

[edit]

FamilyAgapanthaceae,[4]

Agapanthus

[edit]

GenusAgapanthus:[4]

  • Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns. endemic
    • Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns. subsp.africanus, endemic
    • Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns. subsp. walshii (L.Bolus) Zonn. & G.D.Duncan, accepted asAgapanthus walshii L.Bolus, endemic
  • Agapanthus campanulatus F.M.Leight. indigenous
    • Agapanthus campanulatus F.M.Leight. subsp.campanulatus, indigenous
    • Agapanthus campanulatus F.M.Leight. subsp.patens (F.M.Leight.) F.M.Leight. indigenous
  • Agapanthus caulescens Spreng. indigenous
    • Agapanthus caulescens Spreng. subsp.angustifolius F.M.Leight. indigenous
    • Agapanthus caulescens Spreng. subsp.caulescens, indigenous
    • Agapanthus caulescens Spreng. subsp.gracilis (F.M.Leight.) F.M.Leight. endemic
  • Agapanthus coddii F.M.Leight. endemic
  • Agapanthus comptonii F.M.Leight. accepted asAgapanthus praecox Willd. subsp.minimus (Lindl.) F.M.Leight.
    • Agapanthus comptonii F.M.Leight. subsp.longitubus F.M.Leight. accepted asAgapanthus praecox Willd. subsp.minimus (Lindl.) F.M.Leight. indigenous
  • Agapanthus dyeri F.M.Leight. accepted asAgapanthus inapertus P.Beauv. subsp.intermedius F.M.Leight. indigenous
  • Agapanthus ensifolius (Thunb.) Willd. accepted asLachenalia ensifolia (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt, indigenous
  • Agapanthus inapertus P.Beauv. indigenous
    • Agapanthus inapertus P.Beauv. subsp.hollandii (F.M.Leight.) F.M.Leight. endemic
    • Agapanthus inapertus P.Beauv. subsp.inapertus endemic
    • Agapanthus inapertus P.Beauv. subsp.intermedius F.M.Leight. indigenous
    • Agapanthus inapertus P.Beauv. subsp.parviflorus F.M.Leight. endemic
    • Agapanthus inapertus P.Beauv. subsp.pendulus (L.Bolus) F.M.Leight. endemic
  • Agapanthus nutans F.M.Leight. accepted asAgapanthus caulescens Spreng. subsp.gracilis (F.M.Leight.) F.M.Leight. indigenous
  • Agapanthus praecox Willd. indigenous
    • Agapanthus praecox Willd. subsp.minimus (Lindl.) F.M.Leight. endemic
    • Agapanthus praecox Willd. subsp.orientalis (F.M.Leight.) F.M.Leight. endemic
    • Agapanthus praecox Willd. subsp.praecox, endemic
  • Agapanthus walshii L.Bolus, indigenous

Mauhlia

[edit]

GenusMauhlia:[4]

Agavaceae

[edit]

Family:Agavaceae,[4]

Agave

[edit]

GenusAgave:[4]

Anthericum

[edit]

GenusAnthericum:[4]

Chlorophytum

[edit]

GenusChlorophytum:[4]

Furcraea

[edit]

GenusFurcraea:[4]

Alliaceae

[edit]

Family:Alliaceae,[4]

Allium

[edit]

GenusAllium:[4]

Nothoscordum

[edit]

GenusNothoscordum:[4]

Prototulbaghia

[edit]

GenusPrototulbaghia:[4]

Tulbaghia

[edit]

GenusTulbaghia:[4]

Amaryllidaceae

[edit]

Family:Amaryllidaceae,[4]

Amaryllis

[edit]

GenusAmaryllis:[4]

Ammocharis

[edit]

GenusAmmocharis:[4]

Apodolirion

[edit]

GenusApodolirion:[4]

Bokkeveldia

[edit]

GenusBokkeveldia:[4]

  • Bokkeveldia aestivalis (Snijman) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria aestivalis Snijman
  • Bokkeveldia perryae (Snijman) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria perryae Snijman
  • Bokkeveldia picta (W.F.Barker) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria picta W.F.Barker
  • Bokkeveldia pubescens (W.F.Barker) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria pubescens W.F.Barker
  • Bokkeveldia salteri (W.F.Barker) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria salteri W.F.Barker
  • Bokkeveldia watermeyeri (L.Bolus) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria watermeyeri L.Bolus
  • Bokkeveldia watermeyeri (L.Bolus) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies subsp.botterkloofensis D.Mull.- accepted asStrumaria watermeyeri L.Bolus subsp.botterkloofensis (D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies) Snijman

Boophone

[edit]

GenusBoophone:[4]

Brunsvigia

[edit]

GenusBrunsvigia:[4]

Carpolyza

[edit]

GenusCarpolyza:[4]

Chlidanthus

[edit]

GenusChlidanthus:[4]

Clivia

[edit]

GenusClivia:[4]

Crinum

[edit]

GenusCrinum:[4]

Crossyne

[edit]

GenusCrossyne:[4]

Cyrtanthus

[edit]

GenusCyrtanthus:[4]

Gemmaria

[edit]

GenusGemmaria:[4]

  • Gemmaria chaplinii (W.F.Barker) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria chaplinii (W.F.Barker) Snijman
  • Gemmaria discifera (Marloth ex Snijman) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria discifera Marloth ex Snijman subsp.discifera
  • Gemmaria gemmata (Ker Gawl.) Salisb. ex D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria gemmata Ker Gawl.
  • Gemmaria karooica (W.F.Barker) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria karooica (W.F.Barker) Snijman
  • Gemmaria karooportensis D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria karoopoortensis (D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies) Snijman
  • Gemmaria leipoldtii (L.Bolus) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria leipoldtii (L.Bolus) Snijman
  • Gemmaria massoniella D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria massoniella (D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies) Snijman
  • Gemmaria mathewsii (W.F.Barker) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria pygmaea Snijman
  • Gemmaria merxmuelleriana D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria merxmuelleriana (D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies) Snijman
  • Gemmaria pulcherrima D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asHessea pulcherrima (D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies) Snijman
  • Gemmaria unguiculata (W.F.Barker) D.Mull.-Doblies & U.Mull.-Doblies, accepted asStrumaria unguiculata (W.F.Barker) Snijman

Gethyllis

[edit]

GenusGethyllis:[4]

Haemanthus

[edit]

GenusHaemanthus:[4]

Hessea

[edit]

GenusHessea:[4]

Leucojum

[edit]

GenusLeucojum:[4]

Namaquanula

[edit]

GenusNamaquanula:[4]

Narcissus

[edit]

GenusNarcissus:[4]

Nerine

[edit]

GenusNerine:[4]

Pancratium

[edit]

GenusPancratium:[4]

Scadoxus

[edit]

GenusScadoxus:[4]

  • Scadoxus membranaceus (Baker) Friis & Nordal, endemic
  • Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. indigenous
    • Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. subsp.katharinae (Baker) Friis & Nordal, indigenous
    • Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. subsp.multiflorus, indigenous
  • Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal, indigenous

Strumaria

[edit]

GenusStrumaria:[4]

Tedingea

[edit]

GenusTedingea:[4]

Zephyranthes

[edit]

GenusZephyranthes:[4]

Asparagaceae

[edit]

Family:Asparagaceae,[4]

Asparagus

[edit]

GenusAsparagus:[4]

Behnia

[edit]

GenusBehnia:[4]

Myrsiphyllum

[edit]

GenusMyrsiphyllum:[4]

Protasparagus

[edit]

GenusProtasparagus:[4]

Asphodelaceae

[edit]
Main article:List of Asphodelaceae of South Africa

Family:Asphodelaceae,[4] 21 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.

Hemerocallidaceae

[edit]

Family:Hemerocallidaceae,[4]

Caesia

[edit]

GenusCaesia:[4]

Cianella

[edit]

GenusDianella:[4]

Phormium

[edit]

GenusPhormium:[4]

Hyacinthaceae

[edit]
Main article:List of Hyacinthaceae of South Africa

Family:Hyacinthaceae,[4] 43 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.

Hypoxidaceae

[edit]

Family:Hypoxidaceae:[4]

Empodium

[edit]

GenusEmpodium:[4]

Hypoxis

[edit]

GenusHypoxis:[4]

Pauridia

[edit]

GenusPauridia:[4]

Rhodohypoxis

[edit]

GenusRhodohypoxis:[4]

Saniella

[edit]

GenusSaniella:[4]

Spiloxene

[edit]

GenusSpiloxene is now included inPauridia.[5]

  • Spiloxene acida(Nel) Garside =Pauridia acida(Nel) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene aemulans(Nel) Garside =Pauridia aemulans(Nel) Snijman & Kocyan
  • Spiloxene alba(Thunb.) Fourc. =Pauridia alba(Thunb.) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene aquatica(L.f.) Salisb. ex Fourc. =Pauridia aquatica(L.f.) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene canaliculataGarside =Pauridia canaliculata(Garside) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene capensis(L.) Garside =Pauridia capensis(L.) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene curculigoides (Bolus) Garside =Pauridia curculigoides(Bolus) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene cuspidata(Nel) Garside =Pauridia ovata(L.f.) Snijman & Kocyan
  • Spiloxene declinata(Nel) Garside =Pauridia curculigoides(Bolus) Snijman & Kocyan
  • Spiloxene dielsiana(Nel) Garside =Pauridia serrata subsp.serrata, endemic
  • Spiloxene flaccida(Nel) Garside =Pauridia flaccida(Nel) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene gracilipes(Schltr.) Garside =Pauridia ovata(L.f.) Snijman & Kocyan
  • Spiloxene linearis(Andrews) Garside =Pauridia serrata(Thunb.) Snijman & Kocyan subsp.serrata
  • Spiloxene maximiliani(Schltr.) Garside =Pauridia umbraticola(Schltr.) Snijman & Kocyan
  • Spiloxene minuta(L.) Fourc. accepted asPauridia pygmaeaSnyman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene monophylla(Schltr. ex Baker) Garside =Pauridia monophylla(Schltr. ex Baker) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene namaquanaU.Mull.-Doblies, Mark.Ackermann, Weigend & D.Mull.-Doblies =Pauridia serrata subsp.serrata
  • Spiloxene nanaSnijman =Pauridia nana(Snijman) Snijman & Kocyan
  • Spiloxene ovata(L.f.) Garside =Pauridia ovata(L.f.) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene pusillaSnijman =Pauridia pusilla(Snijman) Snijman & Kocyan
  • Spiloxene schlechteri(Bolus) Garside =Pauridia affinis(Schult. & Schult.f.) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene scullyi(Baker) Garside =Pauridia scullyi(Baker) Snijman & Kocyan indigenous
  • Spiloxene serrata(Thunb.) Garside var.albiflora(Nel) Garside =Pauridia serrata(Thunb.) Snijman & Kocyan var.albiflora(Nel) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene serrata(Thunb.) Garside var.serrata =Pauridia serrata (Thunb.) Snijman & Kocyan subsp.serrata, endemic
  • Spiloxene trifurcillata(Nel) Fourc. =Pauridia trifurcillata(Nel) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic
  • Spiloxene umbraticola(Schltr.) Garside =Pauridia umbraticola(Schltr.) Snijman & Kocyan, endemic

Iridaceae

[edit]
Main article:List of Iridaceae of South Africa

Family:Iridaceae,[4] 65 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.

Lanariaceae

[edit]

Family:Lanariaceae,[4]

Lanaria

[edit]

GenusLanaria:[4]

Orchidaceae

[edit]
Main article:List of Orchidaceae of South Africa

Family:Orchidaceae,[4] 67 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.

Ruscaceae

[edit]

Family:Ruscaceae,[4]

Dracaena

[edit]

GenusDracaena:[4]

Eriospermum

[edit]

GenusEriospermum:[4]

Sansevieria

[edit]

GenusSansevieria:[4]

Tecophilaeaceae

[edit]

Family:Tecophilaeaceae,[4]

Cyanella

[edit]

GenusCyanella:[4]

Walleria

[edit]

GenusWalleria:[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach".Botanical Review.52 (4):321–431.doi:10.1007/bf02861082.S2CID 44844947.
  2. ^Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019)."Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved21 July 2019.
  3. ^"Vegetation of South Africa".PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Archived fromthe original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved24 July 2019.
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdwdxdydzeaebecedeeefegeheiejekelemeneoepeqereseteuevewexeyezfafbfcfdfefffgfhfifjfkflfmfnfofpfqfrfsftfufvfwfxfyfzgagbgcgdgegfggghgigjgkglgmgngogpgqgrgsgtgugvgwgxgygzhahbhchdhehfhghhhihjhkhlhmhnhohphqhrhshthuhvhwhxhyhziaibicidieifigihiiijikiliminioipiqirisitiuiviwixiyiz"species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Archived fromthe original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved27 September 2020.
  5. ^"Pauridia Harv".Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved30 November 2020.
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