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Jin 金 ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ orᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ Aisin gurun | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1616–1636 | |||||||||||||
| Seal of theTianming Khan of Jin:[1] (1616-1635)  Manchu:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ ᡳ ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠨ abkai fulingga aisin gurun han i doron | |||||||||||||
 Later Jin (后金) c. 1626 shown in light green | |||||||||||||
| Status | Khanate | ||||||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||||||
| Common languages | Jurchen (renamedManchu after 1635),Mongolian,Chinese (Classical andMandarin)[2] | ||||||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Khan | |||||||||||||
• 1616–1626 | Nurhaci | ||||||||||||
• 1626–1636 | Hong Taiji | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Deliberative Council | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Imperial era | ||||||||||||
• Enthronement of theTianming Khan | 1616 | ||||||||||||
• Proclamation of theSeven Grievances | 1618 | ||||||||||||
| 1619 | |||||||||||||
• Annexation of theNorthern Yuan | 1635 | ||||||||||||
| 1636 | |||||||||||||
| Currency | Chinese coin, Chinese cash | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | China Mongolia Russia North Korea | ||||||||||||
| Later Jin | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 後金國 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 后金国 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Later Gold(en) State | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||||||||
| Manchu script | ᠠᠮᠠᡤᠠ ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ | ||||||||||||
| Romanization | (Amaga) Aisin Gurun | ||||||||||||
| Part ofa series on the |
| History of China |
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TheLater Jin, officially known asJin or theGreat Jin, was aJurchen-ledroyal dynasty of China and akhanate ruled by theHouse of Aisin-Gioro inManchuria, as the precursor to theQing dynasty. Established in 1616 by theJianzhou Jurchen chieftainNurhaci upon hisreunification of the Jurchen tribes, its name was derived from the earlierJin dynasty founded by theWanyan clan which had ruled northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries.
In 1635, the lingeringNorthern Yuan dynasty underEjei Khan formally submitted to the Later Jin. The following year,Hong Taiji officially renamed the realm to "Great Qing", thus marking the start of the Qing dynasty. During theMing–Qing transition, the Qing conqueredLi Zicheng'sShun dynasty and variousSouthern Ming claimants and loyalists, going on to rule an empire comprising all of China, stretching as far asTibet,Manchuria,Mongolia,Xinjiang, andTaiwan until the1911 Revolution established theRepublic of China.
Historians debate whether the officialChinese name of the state was "Jin" (金,Jīn), "Later Jin"(後金,Hòu Jīn), or both. Either describes it as a continuation or successor to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty established by theWanyan clan in 1115. TheManchu form of the name was ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (Aisin Gurun),[3] meaning simply "Golden State".
TheJurchen people had traditionally lived inManchuria and were then divided into three tribes, the most powerful of which during theMing dynasty was calledJianzhou Jurchens, living around theChangbai Mountains. In order to attack and suppress theNorthern Yuan dynasty, theHongwu Emperor sent military commissions to gain control of the Jurchen tribes in Manchuria. The Ming government divided the Jianzhou Jurchens into threewei (a military subdivision during the Ming dynasty), collectively known as the "Three Wei of Jianzhou". The leaders of the Jurchen tribes were usually chosen as commanders of thewei.
The northern tribeWild Jurchens were strong at that time, and attacked the Jianzhou Jurchens.Mengtemu, commander of theJianzhou Wei, was killed. The Jianzhou Jurchens were forced to move southwards, and finally settled atHetu Ala.
Originally a Ming vassal who officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power,[4] the Jianzhou Jurchen leaderNurhaci promoted the unification of the Jurchens living in Manchuria at the beginning of the 17th century. He organized "Banners", military-social units that included Jurchen, Han Chinese, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Jurchen clans into a unified entity (which was renamed "Manchu" in 1635 byHong Taiji), and proclaimed the establishment of the new dynasty called "Jin" (or "Great Jin") in 1616 and ruled as akhan. This marks the start of the Later Jin dynasty.
With the establishment of the Later Jin dynasty, Nurhaci took a hostile attitude towards the Ming for favoritism and meddling in the affairs of the Jurchen tribes. In 1618, he proclaimed hisSeven Grievances (nadan amba koro; 七大恨) which effectively declared war on theMing dynasty. He occupiedFushun, Qinghe (清河) and other cities before retreating. The death of the Ming Vice-General Zhang Chengyin (張承蔭) during theBattle of Fushun stunned the Ming court. In 1619, he attacked the Yehe (葉赫) in an attempt to provoke the Ming. The Ming responded by dispatching expeditionary forces led by Military CommissionerYang Hao along four routes to besiegeHetu Ala. In a series of winter battles known collectively as theBattle of Sarhū Nurhaci broke three of the four Ming armies, forcing the survivors and the fourth to retreat in disorder. This caused the power sphere of the Later Jin to extend over the entire eastern part of Liaoyang.
Relocating his court from Jianzhou toLiaodong provided Nurhaci access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with theKhorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhaci's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy.[5]
The unbroken series of military successes by Nurhaci came to an end in January 1626 when he was defeated byYuan Chonghuan while laying siege toNingyuan. He died a few months later and was succeeded by his eighth son,Hong Taiji, who emerged after a short political struggle amongst other potential contenders as the new khan.
Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two Banners at the time of his succession, his reign did not start well on the military front. The Jurchens suffered yet another defeat in 1627 at the hands of Yuan Chonghuan. As before, this defeat was in part due to the Ming's newly acquired cannons. To redress his technological and numerical disparity, Hong Taiji in 1634 created his own artillery corps, theujen cooha (Chinese: 重軍) from among his existing Han troops who cast their own cannons with the help of defector Chinese metallurgists.
One of the defining events of Hong Taiji's reign was the official adoption of the name "Manchu" (满洲) for the united Jurchen people in November 1635. In 1635, the Manchus' Mongol allies were fully incorporated into a separate Banner hierarchy under direct Manchu command. Hong Taijiconquered the territory north of Shanhai Pass by the Ming dynasty andLigdan Khan in Inner Mongolia.
In April 1636,Mongol nobility of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility, and theHan mandarin held theKurultai inShenyang, recommended the khan of Later Jin to be the emperor of the Great Qing empire. One of theYuan dynasty's jade seals was also dedicated to the emperor (Bogd Sécén Khaan) by nobility. When he was said to be presented with theimperial seal of the Yuan dynasty byEjei Khan, Hong Taiji renamed his state from "Jin" to "Great Qing" and elevated his position from Khan toEmperor, suggesting imperial ambitions beyond unifying the Manchu tribes, and marking the formal end of the Later Jin period.
This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increased to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in aseries of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories ofSongshan andJinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of theChongzhen Emperor (who mistakenly thought Yuan had betrayed him), and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of theGreat Wall.
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. His five-year-old son, Fulin, was installed as theShunzhi Emperor, with Hong Taiji's half brotherDorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Qing dynasty.
In 1644,Shun forces led byLi Zicheng captured the Ming capital,Beijing. However, the Qing would soon defeat and destroy Li Zicheng's forces. The Ming generalWu Sangui refused to serve Li's Shun forces. Wu instead made an alliance with the Qing and opened theShanhai Pass to the Banner armies led by Dorgon, who defeated Li and the rebels at theBattle of Shanhai Pass and seized the capital. Zhang Xianzhong and enfeoffed princes of theMing imperial family remained in control of southern China as theSouthern Ming, but the Qing dynasty took control of their territories by 1683.
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