| Kunming-Singapore Railway | |
|---|---|
 Overview of the projected links (in yellow) and already opened (in red and black). Kunming–Singapore railway. | |
| Overview | |
| Status |
|
| Locale | |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 July 1918 (1918-07-01) (Bangkok–Padang Besar section) 31 July 1958 (1958-07-31) (Bangkok–Nong Khai section) 3 May 1932 (1932-05-03) (Padang Besar–Singapore section) 5 March 2009 (2009-03-05) (Nong Khai–Thanaleng section)[3] 3 December 2021 (2021-12-03) (Kunming–Vientiane section)[4][5] |
| Closed | 30 June 2011 (2011-06-30) (Woodlands –Tanjong Pagar section) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 3,900 km (2,400 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge (Kunming–Vientiane) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)metre gauge (Indochina) |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50/60 Hz AC (Kunming–Vientiane section and KTM ETS) |
TheKunming–Singapore railway, also referred to as thePan-Asian Railway, is a network ofrailways that connectsChina,Singapore and all the countries of mainlandSoutheast Asia. The concept originated with theBritish andFrench colonial empires, which sought to link the railways they had built insouthwest China,Indochina andMalaya, but international conflicts in the 20th century kept regional railways fragmented. The idea was formally revived in October 2006 when 18 Asian and Eurasian countries signed theTrans-Asian Railway Network Agreement, which incorporated the Kunming–Singapore railway into the Trans-Asian Railway network.
The network consists of three main routes fromKunming,China toBangkok,Thailand: the Eastern route viaVietnam andCambodia; the Central route viaLaos, and the Western route viaMyanmar. The southern half of the network from Bangkok to Singapore has been operational since 1918. The Central route opened on 3 December 2021, with the opening of theYuxi–Mohan railway andBoten–Vientiane railway linking with the other operational segments of the route,[6] which formally connected Kunming and Singapore directly by rail. There have been plans for high-speed railway constructions, though only one line (betweenBangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima) has since entered the construction phase.
The railway network is expected to increase regional economic integration and increase China's economic ties with Southeast Asia.
The British and French Empires first proposed building a railway from Kunming to Singapore in 1900 as Russia was completing theTrans-Siberian Railway.[7] From 1904 to 1910, the French built theYunnan–Vietnam railway, to connectKunming withHanoi andHaiphong inFrench Tonkin, now northernVietnam.
In 1918, the southern line of theThailand railway system was connected withBritish Malaya'swest coast line, completing ametre gauge rail link fromBangkok toSingapore.[8] In the late-1930s, the British began to build theYunnan–Burma railway but abandoned the effort in 1941 with the outbreak ofWorld War II.
In 1936,Vietnam's main railway, from Hanoi toSaigon was completed. This French-built system was (and still is)metre-gauge.
In 1942, the railways of Thailand andCambodia were connected linking Bangkok andPhnom Penh, but this trans-border connection has long since fallen into disuse. The Japanese Empire built the infamousThailand–Burma railway using prisoners of war to connect Bangkok andYangon, but the entire line never entered commercial operation and is now partially submerged by the reservoir behind theVajiralongkorn Dam.
A continuous metre-gauge rail line from Kunming to Singapore via Hanoi, Saigon, Phnom Penh, Bangkok, andKuala Lumpur was not realized as the French never built the"missing link" between Phnom Penh and Saigon, choosing to build a highway instead.[9]
In 2000,ASEAN proposed completing the Kunming to Singapore railway, via Hanoi,Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), Phnom Penh, and Bangkok.[7][10][11] This 5,500 km (3,400 mi) route is now known as the eastern route. In 2004, ASEAN and China proposed the shorter western route, which instead of running east through Vietnam and Cambodia, would go west from Kunming toMyanmar and then to Bangkok.[12] In 2007 ASEAN and China proposed building three routes, the Eastern, Western and a central route via Laos.[13]
As of 2024, there has been solid progress in building the railway.[14]: 50
Note that a grouped column before multiple lines denote lines that span the same origin and destination, but run along different speed or gauge.
| Country | Corridor / Line | Description | Designed Speed (km/h) | Length (km) | Gauge | Open Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 China | Kunming–Hanoi | Kunming–Yuxi–Hekou Railway | Kunming to Yuxi upgraded in 2016. Connects the border town ofHekou with its Vietnamese counterpart atLào Cai. | 200 (Kunming to Yuxi) 140(Yuxi to Hekou) | 388 | Standard | 2014 |
| Kunming–Hekou Railway | Chinese section of theKunming–Haiphong railway | 60 | 466 | Metre | 1902 | ||
 Vietnam | High Speed Railway | A proposed Vietnamese high-speed line to connect Hanoi to Kunming via theKunming–Yuxi–Hekou Railway | Unknown | Unknown | Standard | Unknown | |
| Lào Cai–Hanoi Railway | Colonial-era metre-gauge railway running betweenHanoi and the China-Vietnam border atLào Cai; part of theKunming–Haiphong railway | ~60 | 296 | Metre | 1902 | ||
| Hanoi–Ho Chi Minh City | North–South Railway | Vietnam's north–south railway and main railway backbone | ~60 | 1726 | Metre | 1936 | |
| North-South Express Railway | A proposed high-speed line for the north–south railway | 350 | 1570 | Standard | 2035 | ||
 Cambodia | Ho Chi Minh City–Phnom Penh | Ho Chi Minh City–Phnom Penh Railway | Proposed railway section connectingHo Chi Minh City andPhnom Penh | Unknown | ~250 | Unknown | Unknown |
| Phnom Penh–Poipet | Phnom Penh–Poipet Railway | Rebuilt railway connectingPhnom Penh with the Cambodia-Thailand border town ofPoipet | ~90 | ~386 | Metre | 2018 | |
 Thailand | Ban Klong Luk–Bangkok | Eastern Line | Thailand's Eastern railway line | ~100 | 261 | Metre | 1907 |
| Country | Corridor / Line | Description | Designed Speed (km/h) | Length (km) | Gauge | Open Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Kunming–Yuxi | Part of the Kunming–Yuxi–Hekou main railway upgraded in 2016 | 200 | 106 | Standard | 1993 | |
| Yuxi–Mohan | Line connectingYuxi with the China-Laos border atMohan | 160 | 507 | Standard | 2021 | ||
 Laos | Boten–Vientiane | First railway line in Laos spanning the country, between the Chinese border atBoten to the capitalVientiane near the Thai border | 160 | 422 | Standard | 2021 | |
| Vientiane–Nong Khai | Vientiane–Nong Khai | First international railway line to Laos, acrossFirst Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge toThanaleng,Vientiane Prefecture. The 9-km extension toKhamsavath station opened in 2023. | ~100 | 14 | Metre | 2009 | |
| Northeastern high-speed rail line | A new high-speed standard-gauge line (Phase 3) (including a new Mekong bridge which is 50 meters from the current one) | 250 | 16 | Standard | Unknown | ||
| Thailand | Nong Khai–Bangkok | Northeastern Line | Thailand's Northeastern railway line toNong Khai and further to theLao border (Mekong River) | ~100 | 627 | Metre | 1958 |
| Northeastern high-speed rail line | A new high-speed standard-gauge line (Phase 2) | 250 | 356 | Standard | Unknown | ||
| A new high-speed standard-gauge line under construction, connectingNakhon Ratchasima toBang Sue Grand Station (Phase 1) | 250 | 253 | Standard | 2027 | |||
| Country | Corridor / Line | Description | Designed Speed (km/h) | Length (km) | Gauge | Open Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Guangtong–Kunming | Final section to Kunming via theChengdu–Kunming Railway (reconstructed 2010–22) | 200 | 106 | Standard | 2013 |
| Guangtong–Dali | New double-tracked line fromGuangtong toDali | 200 | 213 | Standard | 2018 | |
| Dali–Ruili | Completed section. | 140 | 134 | Standard | 2022 | |
| Under construction to Muse at the China-Myanmar border. | 140 | 196 | Standard | c.2026 | ||
 Myanmar | Muse–Lashio | Proposed line extending Myanmar's existing railway to the Chinese border atMuse | Unknown | ~120 | Unknown | Not built |
| Lashio–Mandalay | Part of Myanmar'snational railway system | ~24 | 441 | Metre | 1905 | |
| Mandalay–Yangon | ~24 | 620 | Metre | 1889 | ||
| Yangon–Mawlamyine | ~24 | 286 | Metre | 1907 | ||
| Mawlamyine–Thanbyuzayat | ~24 | 64 | Metre | 1924 | ||
| Thailand | Burma Railway | Part of the old Burma Railway, rehabilitated by 1957. | Unknown | 194 | Metre | 1957 |
| Country | Corridor / Line | Description | Designed Speed (km/h) | Length (km) | Gauge | Open Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thailand | Bangkok–Hat Yai–Padang Besar | Southern Line | Thailand's Southern railway line and branch line to the Malaysian border atPadang Besar | ~100 | 974 | Metre | 1918 |
 Malaysia | Padang Besar–Kuala Lumpur | West Coast Railway Line | Electrified and operated byKTM ETS since December 2025. | 160 | 533 | Metre | c.1896 |
| Kuala Lumpur–Johor Bahru | 160 | 369 | Metre | c.1896 | |||
| Kuala Lumpur–Singapore HSR | Proposed High Speed Railway | 320 | 335 | Standard | Unknown | ||
 Singapore | Johor Bahru–Singapore | West Coast Railway Line | Shuttle Tebrau service running betweenJohor Bahru andSingapore | 110 | 2 | Metre | 1903 |
| Kuala Lumpur–Singapore HSR | Proposed High Speed Railway | 320 | 15 | Standard | Unknown | ||
| RTS Link | RTS Link service betweenJohor Bahru andSingapore, projected to open in 2026. | 110 | 4 | Standard | 2026 | ||
The central route including the Bangkok to Singapore section is approximately 3,900 km (2,400 mi) in length.[20] A trip from Kunming to Singapore will take 30 hours in 2022, and 18 hours when completed in 2040. (compared to 80 hours from Vientiane to Singapore in January 2019).[21][22] The line will be used to transport both passengers and cargo.[23][24]
The central route consists of the following sections:
This line was originally planned as a high-speed rail joint-venture between the Laotian government and theChina Railway Corporation, the Chinese state rail operator, and set to begin construction on 25 April 2011 but was delayed due to a corruption scandal that removed the Chinese railway minister,Liu Zhijun from office.[20] The Laotian government then became the sole investor in the project, which is funded with a loan from theExport-Import Bank of China that would cover 70 percent of the project's cost of US$7 billion.[29][30][31] The project was downgraded to a conventional speed railway with a maximum speed of 160 km/h instead of 200 km/h.[30] As the terrain in Laos is mountainous, 76bridges and 154tunnels needed to be built.[30] Unexploded bombs that have been dropped during theVietnam War also needed to be removed.[32]
The loan finance arrangement for this line was criticized by economists in the West as too expensive for Laos.[33] There is also controversy over villagers whose houses will be moved to accommodate the new railway line. One village, Bopiat in northern Laos, has already been moved once to allow the construction of acasino.[31][34] TheNational Assembly of Laos approved the project in October 2012, but the construction has not commenced because the Chinese state lender has been waiting since July 2013 for the Thai legislature to approve funding for the Thailand section of the railway line. On 22 July 2014, China's Exim Bank suspended loans to Laotian infrastructure projects, leaving the rail project in jeopardy.[35] On 28 July 2014, at a meeting withChinese Communist Partygeneral secretaryXi Jinping in Beijing,Lao People's Revolutionary Partygeneral secretaryChoummaly Sayasone asked the Chinese government to continue its assistance of rail development in Laos.[36]
In January 2016, Singapore's Straits Times reported that ground was broken on the project in December 2015.[37] The first multiple unit train (EMU) was delivered to Vientiane on October 16, 2021, and the line opened on 3 December 2021.[38]
Planning for the high-speed line began during the administration of Prime MinisterAbhisit Vejjajiva of theDemocratic Party, which agreed to borrow US$400 million from China to purchase materials and expertise, and build one high speed line to Nong Khai Province to the north and another to the Padang Basar on the Malaysian border to the south.[40] When Prime MinisterYingluck Shinawatra of thePuea Thai Party took office in August 2011, the Thai government initially scaled back those plans and proposed shorter lines that connected Thai cities but did not reach international frontiers.[40] Supoj Sablorm, the secretary of theThai Ministry of Transport, explained that Thailand was not in a rush to build a high-speed rail line to Laos because the Chinese-backed project in Laos had been delayed to beyond 2014.[40] A year later in August 2012, the Thai government announced the plans to build four high-speed rail lines, including extensions to Nong Khai and Hat Yai by 2022.[41] In October 2013, Chinese PremierLi Keqiang, on a visit to Thailand, promoted Chinese high-speed rail technology and offered loan packages for high-speed rail construction that are partially repayable with rice and rubber.[42]
On 19 November 2013, theThai Senate passed a bill that authorized the government to borrow US$69.5 billion to fund high-speed rail and other infrastructure projects in Thailand without going through the annual government budgeting process.[43] The opposition Democratic Party challenged the spending bill in court and a judge expressed doubt about the necessity of high-speed rail for Thailand.[44] The ensuingpolitical protests in Bangkok, which began in December 2013 and continued through May 2014, has paralyzed the Thai government and prevented further decision-making of the rail project.
On 30 July 2014, Thai armychief GeneralPrayut Chan-o-cha, whose forces seized control of the government througha bloodless coup in May, announced plans to build two high-speed rail lines as part of a 741.4 billion baht transportation program.[45] The Nong Khai toMap Ta Phut line, 737 kilometres (458 mi) in length, would run from the Laotian border at Thanaleng to theGulf of Thailand.[45] TheChiang Khong toBan Phachi line, 655 kilometres (407 mi) in length, would run fromChiang Rai near the northern tip of Thailand toAyutthaya just north of Bangkok.[45] The two lines would allow trains to travel at a top speed of 160 km/h.[45] Construction is scheduled to begin in 2015 and is to be completed in 2021.[45]
In November 2014, after a meeting between Li Keqiang and Prayut Chan-o-cha, China agreed to lend Thailand funds to build dual-track standard gauge mid-speed railways on the Bangkok-Nong Khai, Bangkok-Map Ta Phut, andKaeng Khoi–Map Ta Phut routes.[46] The loans could be repaid with rice and rubber.[46] On 4 December 2014, theThai National Legislative Assembly voted 187–0 with seven abstentions to approve loans for the Nong Khai-Map Ta Phut and Kaeng Khoi-Bangkok lines.[47] China would undertake construction and development of the lines but would not receive land use rights along the routes.[47] On 19 December 2014, the two countries signed a memorandum to build the railways.[48]
As of December 2015, China and Thailand have agreed to build the 845 km double-track rail routes connecting Bangkok–Kaeng Khoi–Nakhon Ratchasima–Khon Kaen–Udon Thani–Nong Khai and a second section connecting Kaeng Khoi–Map Ta Phut. The two parties have not yet reached agreement on financing for the project.[26]
In March 2020, the Thai government committed to a US$21 billion railway expansion plan that will include a high speed rail from China to Singapore through Bangkok via the Laotian border near Vientiane.[49]
As of March 2021, the proposed completion of the high speed section from Bangkok to Nakhon Ratchasima is early 2027. The section from Nakhon Ratchasima to Nong Khai has not been bid.[50]
The western route consists of the following railway sections:
The Kunming–Yangon high-speed railway forms a portion of the 1,215 km (755 mi) high-speed railway from Kunming toRakhine State on theBay of Bengal.[51]
In late November 2010, Chinese state media reported that the railway would begin construction in about two months.[52] But in March 2011, the Chinese Commerce MinisterChen Deming stated that the project was delayed due to thefirst elections in Myanmar in 20 years and differences in the railway gauge of the two countries.[53] He explained the Chinese rail developers were waiting for the new cabinet in Myanmar to form and expressed hope that work on the line would begin before the end of 2011.[53] On 18 July 2014, the Myanmar government cancelled the project, citing opposition from civil rights groups, villagers and the general public.[51]
In the summer of 2018, plans for the China-Myanmar railway were resumed.[54]
In December 2013, the Myanmar government began to discuss the upgrade of the existing Yangon-Myitkyina railway with the Asian Development Bank and the government of South Korea.[55]
In December 2013, Japanese media reported that the Myanmar and Japanese governments had reached an agreement to upgrade this line.[55]
In May 2012, the railway Minister Aung Min of Myanmar announced that a feasibility study would be undertaken to rebuild the 105-km stretch of theThai–Burma railway from theThree Pagoda Pass to the Thai border.[56] The railway could be reopened, he said, with international assistance and promote development in the region and peace with ethnicShan andKaren rebels in the border areas.[56]
TheKTM line from Padang Besar toGemas waselectrified and double tracked in 2015, followed by the stretch from Gemas toJohor Bahru in December 2025, bringing down journey times fromWoodlands North in Singapore to KL Sentral to about 4 hours.[57][58]
According to PLANMalaysia, a northern high-speed rail corridor will be built alongNorth-South Expressway and the stations will be atTanjung Malim,Tapah,Ipoh,Taiping and terminated atButterworth.[59]
In 2013, the governments of Malaysia andSingapore agreed to build ahigh-speed rail line betweenKuala Lumpur toSingapore that was scheduled to open in 2026. However, shortly after winning the May 2018 election, the incoming Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad said he would reconsider the project.[60][61] Among revisions being explored to reduce costs, was to align the route to the existing meter gaugeKeretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) line and lay a standard gauge track in parallel, with a fork running to Jurong East so that bilateral agreement is not violated, to allow trains running at 200 km/h, cutting journey time betweenKuala Lumpur andSingapore to 130 minutes.[62] Stations were planned forBandar Malaysia inKuala Lumpur,Bangi-Putrajaya,Labu (Seremban),Muar,Batu Pahat,Iskandar Puteri andJurong East. The plan was cancelled after 2 extensions requested by Malaysia, with the project allowed to lapse on 31 December 2020.[63]
It's up to you whether you travel from Singapore to Bangkok all in one go in 48 hours
