Koonibba | |||||||||||||
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  Koonibba | |||||||||||||
| Coordinates:31°54′14″S133°25′31″E / 31.904006°S 133.425353°E /-31.904006; 133.425353[1] | |||||||||||||
| Country | Australia | ||||||||||||
| State | South Australia | ||||||||||||
| Region | Eyre Western[1] | ||||||||||||
| LGA | |||||||||||||
| Location | |||||||||||||
| Established | 1901 (Mission) 28 January 1999 (locality)[2][3] | ||||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||||
| • State electorate | |||||||||||||
| • Federal division | |||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
| • Total | 140 (SAL2021)[7] | ||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+9:30 (ACST) | ||||||||||||
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+10:30 (ACST) | ||||||||||||
| Postcode | 5690[8] | ||||||||||||
| County | Way[1] | ||||||||||||
| Mean max temp | 23.5 °C (74.3 °F)[9] | ||||||||||||
| Mean min temp | 10.4 °C (50.7 °F)[9] | ||||||||||||
| Annual rainfall | 294.8 mm (11.61 in)[9] | ||||||||||||
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| Location[8] Adjoining localities[1] | |||||||||||||
Koonibba is a locality and an associatedAboriginal community inSouth Australia located about 586 kilometres (364 mi) northwest of the state capital ofAdelaide and about 38 km (24 mi) northwest of the municipal seat inCeduna and 5 km (3.1 mi) north of theEyre Highway.
The settlement grew around theKoonibba Mission (1901–1975). TheKoonibba Football Club, founded in 1906, is the oldest Aboriginal football club still in existence.Koonibba Test Range is arocket testing facility established in 2019.
Koonibba was formerly an Aboriginalmission, founded in 1901 by theLutheran Church on land comprising 16,000 acres (6,500 ha) which they bought in 1899.[2] The mission was established near the traditional lands of theWirangu,Mirning, andKokatha peoples.[11]
A school was built within a year,[2] with the church following in 1903. The church was built by two Aboriginal men named Thomas Richards and Mickey Free (Michael Free Lawrie). Aboriginal people came to the mission seeking employment, for which they were paid, but conversion toChristianity was a pre-condition for wages, food and housing.[11]
The South AustralianRoyal Commission on the Aborigines gathered evidence from the mission in 1914, and recommended that the mission be taken over by the government.[12][13][14]
In 1914, the Koonibba Children's Home was opened.[12]
AfterWorld War I ended in 1918, the mission stopped growingwheat, and started grazing sheep instead, which needed less labour, so people moved away for work.[11]
August Bernhard Carl Hoff was Superintendent of the mission from 1920 to 1930, and between 1920 and 1952 compiled a wordlist which was published by his son Lothar in 2004. The list included words from theWirangu,Kokatha andPitjantjatjara languages.[15][16]
In 1931 the Lutherans decided to sell the station, without any prior consultation with the residents. The residents petitioned the Church to work the land autonomously, but their request fell on deaf ears. No buyers were forthcoming, and farming ceased in 1933, but the church continued to control the lives of the residents until 1958, when the residents staged awalk-off as a protest.[11]
In 1963, the mission was taken over by theSouth Australian Government as anAboriginal reserve, which in 1975 was transferred to theAboriginal Land Trust. As of 2020[update] the site is leased to the localAboriginal corporation, the Koonibba Aboriginal Community Council, which manages the community.[17]
"Koonibba Lutheran Children's Home" was listed in the 1997Bringing Them Home report, as an institution housing Indigenous children forcibly removed from their families, leading to theStolen Generations.[2]
Boundaries for a locality were created on 28 January 1999 for the long-established local name of Koonibba. TheEyre Highway forms part of the locality's southern boundary. In 2013, a portion of the locality which was located in theYumbarra Conservation Park was removed and added to the new locality ofYumbarra to ensure that all of the conservation park was located within the new locality.[3][1]
As of 2016[update], Koonibba and an adjoining part of the locality ofYumbarra has a population of 149, 87% of whom areIndigenous Australians.[10][1]
The settlement has a public school, theKoonibba Aboriginal School.[18]
AnAustralian rules football club, theKoonibba Football Club, was formed in 1906. It is the oldest Aboriginal football club still in existence, and plays in theFar West Football League today.[19]
A general store, giving locals access to fresh groceries for the first time in 40 years, was opened in February 2019.[20]
It is planned to develop tourist attractions, with a focus on the history of the settlement.Cultural artefacts as of September 2019[update] stored at theSouth Australian Museum would be put on display, to engender pride in the community and provide a learning experience for tourists.[20]
TheOur Redeemer Lutheran Church from the former Koonibba Lutheran Mission survives and is listed on theSouth Australian Heritage Register.[21]
In 2019–2020, a private space company,Southern Launch, established theKoonibba Test Range after consultation with the Koonibba Community Aboriginal Corporation. It was reported that Southern Launch worked with companies, universities,space agencies and other organisations to have their rockets and payloads launched and recovered from the site, and that the Koonibba site was the world's largest privately owned rocket test range and the world's first approved by an indigenous community to be launched from their land.[22] The first launches were small rockets carrying small replicapayloads on 19 September 2020.[23] In 2024, it was reported that the biggest satellite launched on Australian soil would be fired from this location.[24] As of 2025, twoVarda Space capsules have returned fromLow Earth orbit and landed in Koonibba Test Range.[25]
Mazin Grace, by Dylan Coleman, is a fictionalised account of the author's mother's life as aKokatha child growing up on Koonibba in the 1940s and 1950s, and includes a glossary ofAboriginal English andKokatha words, which are used throughout the book.[26] It won the 2011David Unaipon Award for Unpublished Indigenous Writer,[27] and waslonglisted for theStella Prize[26][28] andshortlisted for theCommonwealth Book Prize in 2013.[29]
Also based on her mother's experiences growing up at Koonibba, Coleman wrote and co-directed a short film (with brother Staurme Glastonbury),Secret Pretty Things (Jija Mooga Gu),[30][31] which was given its world premiere at theAdelaide Film Festival in October 2020 (preceding the feature documentaryThe Earth Is Blue as an Orange).[32]
Pastor Hoff's son Lothar (see above) was born at Koonibba Mission, and had inherited his father's collection of photographs and rare Kokatha and Wirangu artefacts after his death in 1971. In 2008 Lothar handed over the collection to theSouth Australian Museum.[33]
Notable people associated with Koonibba include:
Extracted from The Hoff Vocabularies of Indigenous Languages collected by Reverend A.B.C. Hoff in 1920-1952.
subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription ("paywall").